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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PLUTONIUM Prepared by: Clement International Corporation Under Contract No. 205-88-0608 Prepared for: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Public Health Service In collaboration with: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency December 1990 DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. CONTENTS DISCLAIMER FOREWORD LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT 1.1 WHAT IS PLUTONIUM? 1.2 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO PLUTONIUM? 1.3 HOW CAN PLUTONIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY? 1.4 HOW CAN PLUTONIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH? 1.5 WHAT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE HAVE RESULTED IN HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS? 1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO PLUTONIUM? 1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH? 1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? 2 HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure 2.2.1.1 Death 2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects 2.2.1.3 Immunological Effects 2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.1.5 Developmental Effects 2.2.1.6 Reproductive Effects 2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects 2.2.1.8 Cancer 2.2.2 Oral Exposure 2.2.2.1 Death 2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects 2.2.2.3 Immunological Effects 2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.2.5 Developmental Effects 2.2.2.6 Reproductive Effects 2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects 2.2.2.8 Cancer 2.2.3 Dermal Exposure 2.2.3.1 Death 2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects 2.2.3.3 Immunological Effects 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.3.5 Developmental Effects 2.2.3.6 Reproductive Effects 2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects 2.2.3.8 Cancer 2.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure 2.2.4.1 Death 2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects 2.2.4.3 Immunological Effects 2.2.4.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.4.5 Deve