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ISSN 1531-1635 WORLDMARK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE NATIONS, twelfth edition Volume 2 AFRICA Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Twelfth Edition Timothy L. Gall and Jeneen M. Hobby, Editors Project Editor Mary Rose Bonk Imaging Christine O’Bryan Editorial Jennifer Greve, Kimberly Lewis, Kate Potthoff Product Design Pamela Galbreath © 2007 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade, secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www. gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Manufacturing Rita Wimberly Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Thomson Gale does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Thomson Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Permissions Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 Permissions Hotline: 248–699–8006 or 800–877–4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248–699–8074 or 800–762–4058 ISBN 1-4144-1089-1 (set) ISBN 1-4144-1090-5 (v.1) ISBN 1-4144-1091-3 (v.2) ISBN 1-4144-1092-1 (v.3) ISBN 1-4144-1093-X (v.4) ISBN 1-4144-1094-8 (v.5) ISSN 1531-1635 (set) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 1-4144-1113-8 Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS For Conversion Tables, Abbreviations and Acronyms, Glossaries, World Tables, notes to previous editions, and other supplementary materials, see Volume 1. Libya .......................................................................387 Madagascar .............................................................401 Malawi ....................................................................417 Mali .........................................................................431 Mauritania ...............................................................445 Mauritius .................................................................459 Morocco ..................................................................471 Mozambique ...........................................................489 Namibia ..................................................................503 Niger ..................................................................