Introduction To Climate Modelling

Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics Series Editor: Professor Kolumban Hutter For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7540 Board of Editors Aeolean Transport, Sediment Transport, Granular Flow Prof. Hans Herrmann Institut für Baustoffe Departement Bau, Umwelt und Geomatik HIF E 12/ETH Hönggerberg 8093 Zürich, Switzerland [email protected] Avalanches, Landslides, Debris Flows, Pyroclastic Flows, Volcanology Prof E. Bruce Pitman Department of Mathematics University of Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y. 14260, USA [email protected] Hydrological Sciences Prof. Vijay P. Singh Water Resources Program Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6405, USA Nonlinear Geophysics Prof. Efim Pelinovsky Institute of Applied Physics 46 Uljanov Street 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia [email protected] Planetology, Outer Space Mechanics Prof Heikki Salo Division of Astronomy Department of Physical Sciences University of Oulu 90570 Oulu, Finnland Glaciology, Ice Sheet and Ice Shelf Dynamics, Planetary Ices Prof. Dr. Ralf Greve Institute of Low Temperature Science Hokkaido University Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0819, Japan [email protected] http://wwwice.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/greve/ Thomas Stocker Introduction to Climate Modelling 123 Thomas Stocker Universität Bern Abt. Klima- und Umweltphysik Sidlerstrasse 5 3012 Bern Switzerland [email protected] Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics ISSN 1866-8348 e-ISSN 1866-8356 ISBN 978-3-642-00772-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00773-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00773-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011929501 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Prin