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Communicating the Middle Ages This volume is a collection of nineteen original essays by leading specialists on the history, historiography and memory of the Crusades, the social and cultural aspects of life in the Latin East, as well as the military orders and inter-religious relations in the Middle Ages. Intended to appeal to scholars and students alike, the volume honours Professor Sophia Menache of the Department of History, University of Haifa, Israel. The contributions reflect the richness of Professor Menache’s research interests – medieval communications, the Church and the Papacy in the central and later Middle Ages, the Crusades and the military orders, as well as the memory and historiography of the Crusades. Iris Shagrir is associate professor of Medieval History at the Open University of Israel. Her research focuses on crusade history, religious, cultural history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, pilgrimage, liturgy in the Latin East, medieval anthroponymy and interreligious relations in the Middle Ages. Benjamin Z. Kedar is professor emeritus of Medieval History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the founding and active editor of the journal Crusades. Formerly president of the international Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East (1995–2002), chairman of the board of the Israel Antiquities Authority (2000–12) and vice-president of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (2010–15). Author of 40 books and 250 articles. Michel Balard is professor emeritus of Medieval History, University Paris 1 – Sorbonne, president of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East (2001–8), chairman of the Federation of the historical Societies of Paris and Ile-de-France (1999–present). Author of 43 books and 280 articles. Crusades – Subsidia Series Editor: Christoph T. Maier University of Zurich, for The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East This series of ‘Subsidia’ to the journal ‘Crusades’ is designed to include publications deriving from the conferences held by the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East along with other volumes associated with the society. The scope of the series parallels that of the journal itself: Crusades covers seven hundred years from the First Crusade (1095–1102) to the fall of Malta (1798) and draws together scholars working on theatres of war, their home fronts and settlements from the Baltic to Africa and from Spain to the Near East and on theology, law, literature, art, numismatics and economic, social, political and military history. Recent titles in the series: La Papauté et les croisades/The Papacy and the Crusades Michel Balard On the Margins of Crusading Helen J. Nicholson Contact and Conflict in Frankish Greece and the Aegean, 1204–1453 Nikolaos G. Chrissis and Mike Carr Deeds Done Beyond the Sea Susan B. Edgington and Helen J. Nicholson Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages Simon John and Nicholas Morton The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century Norman Housley The Fifth Crusade in Context E.J. Mylod, Guy Perry, Thomas W. Smith, and Jan Vandeburie The Templars and their Sources Karl Borchardt, Karoline Döring, Philippe Josserand and Helen Nicholson Communicating the Middle Ages Essays in Honour of Sophia Menache Edited by Iris Shagrir Benjamin Z. Kedar Michel Balard First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Iris Shagrir, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Michel Balard individual chapters, the contributors The right of Iris Shagrir, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Michel Balard to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserte