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[email protected] INDEX PHYSICS 1. Measurements & Motion A-1-60 A-1-8 2. Laws of Motion, Force, Work, Energy & Power A-9-18 3. Force of Gravity, Solids & Fluids A-19-27 4. Sound, Oscillations, Heat & Thermodynamics A-28-38 5. Electricity, Magnetism & Light A-39-50 6. Modern physics & Sources of energy A-51-60 CHEMISTRY 1. Chemistry, Matter & its Composition B-1-60 B-1-14 2. Atoms, Molecules & Nuclear Chemistry B-15-22 3. Elements Classification & Chemical Bonding B-23-29 4. Acids, Bases, Salts & Metals B-30-38 5. Non - Metals B-40-43 6. Organic Chemistry B-44-48 7. Environmental Chemistry B-49-60 BIOLOGY 1. Biological Classification/ Cell & its Division C-1-68 C-1-13 2. Genetics & Biotechnology C-14-20 3. Evolution and Ecological Biodiversity C-21-29 4. Tissue, Physiology of Plants and Animals C-30-46 5. Reproduction C-47-53 6. Nutrition, Health and Diseases C-54-63 7. Food Production C-64-68 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1. Computer and Technology D-1-48 D-1-10 2. Communication D-11-17 3. Defence D-18-26 4. Space Technology D-27-33 5. Energy D-34-43 6. Nuclear Science D-44-48 physics Chapter 1 Measurements & motion Measurements The process of comparing an unknown physical quantity with respect to a known quantity is known as measurement. When we say that the length of our bedroom is 10 feet it implies that the bedroom is 10 times the known quantity ‘foot’ (feet is the plural of foot). So, measurement of any physical quantity consists of two parts – (i) a numerical value and (ii) the known quantity. The known quantity is called the unit of that physical quantity. Measurement is an integral part of physics. Physics is the foundation on which engineering, technology and other sciences are based. Physical quantities Quantities which can be measured are called physical quantities. Velocity, acceleration, force, area, volume, pressure, etc. are some examples of physical quantities. Kinds of Physical Quantities There are two kinds of physical quantities Fundamental physical quantities: Fundamental physical quantities are those which do not depend on other quantities and also independent of each other. They are seven in number viz; length, mass, time, thermodynamic temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance. Derived physical quantities: Derived physical quantities are those which are derived from fundamental physical quantities. For example, velocity is derived from the fundamental quantities length and time, hence it is a de