Prelims 4/6/2004 17: 31 page i GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS FOR BIOLOGISTS: A PRIMER Prelims 4/6/2004 17: 31 page ii Prelims 4/6/2004 17: 31 page iii GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS FOR BIOLOGISTS: A PRIMER Miriam Leah Zelditch, Donald L. Swiderski, H. David Sheets and William L. Fink Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Prelims 4/6/2004 17: 31 page iv This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2004, Elsevier (USA). All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ Elsevier Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.elsevier.com Elsevier Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.elsevier.com Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2004 107927 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0–12–77846–08 Printed and bound by Maple-Vail, Kirkwood, New York, USA 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Prelims 4/6/2004 17: 31 page v Contents List of contributors vii Preface ix Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 Part I Basics of Shape Data 21 2 Landmarks 23 3 Simple size and shape variables: Bookstein shape coordinates 51 4 Theory of shape 73 5 Superimposition methods 105 6 The thin-plate spline: visualizing shape change as a deformation 129 Part II Analyzing Shape Variables 153 7 Ordination methods 155 8 Computer-based statistical methods 189