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HYDROGEOLOGY Problems with Solutions NANDIPATI SUBBA RAO Professor Department of Geology Andhra University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Delhi-110092 2016 HYDROGEOLOGY—Problems with Solutions Nandipati Subba Rao © 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-5278-0 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091. Table of Contents Foreword Preface 1. Hydrological Cycle 2. Morphometric Analysis 3. Hydrological Properties 4. Groundwater Flow 5. Well Hydraulics 6. Well Design and Construction 7. Groundwater Management 8. Seawater Intrusion 9. Groundwater Exploration 10. Groundwater Quality Appendix I: Rain-gauge Density, Runoff and Runoff Coefficient Factor Appendix II: Watershed and Types of Drainage Pattern Appendix III: Hypsometric Analysis Appendix IV: Classification of Soils and Grain Size with Respect to Porosity Appendix V: Well Design and Construction Appendix VI: Geoelectrical Method for Groundwater Exploration Appendix VII: Groundwater Quality Appendix VIII: Quality Criteria for Water Use Appendix IX: Chemical Activities Appendix X: Logarithms and Anti-Logarithms Appendix XI: Miscellaneous Conversions Appendix XII: Frequently Used Symbols Appendix XIII: Well-inventory Form Glossary Bibliography Index Foreword It is a common observation that there is a dearth of textbooks on geology as compared to the textbooks on the other major branches of science such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc. This opinion was held for a long time. However, in the recent years, there is a break in this trend, and now, there is plethora of books on geology, satisfying the needs of students, professionals, scientists and covering the international, regional, national and local level interests. This is largely due to drastic change in our understanding of the subject, rapid development of interdisciplinary sciences, increase in number of people opting geology as the subject of specialisation, the competing industry of publishing, encouragement and promotion of publication by the government, and most importantly, application of geological sciences in various facets of human life. Many of the textbooks are made available on Internet either on payment basis or free of charge. All these aspects make the knowledge easily available, which was once a great hindrance! In spite of this, it is hard to find a textbook, which covers the numerical problem-solving aspect in the field of hydrogeology. In this regard, the present textbook by Prof. Nandipati Subba Rao is gladly received by the entire community of science and technology, especially by the people who are involved in water resources studies. The textbook covers full spectrum of hydrogeology. In each chapter, the author has provided several worked-out examples, covering various aspects of the subject. As the textbook also provides the definitions and formulae, the reader will not feel the need of any other textbook to solve the problem(s). Thus, this book is a comprehensive text and is useful for the students studying hydrogeology and the professionals associated with this field. I know Prof. Subba Rao when he was pursuing M.Sc. Geology at Andhra University, and later on, he earned another Master’s degree in Geoengineering and Resource Development followed by Ph.D. degree in Environmental Hydrogeology from the same university. He always used to show a great zeal of interest in research, and this is evident from his scientific publication record as well as from his awards. I am sure this textbook will