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Environmental Change and Human Security: Recognizing and Acting on Hazard Impacts NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are coorganized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. B. C. D. E. Chemistry and Biology Physics and Biophysics Environmental Security Information and Communication Security Human and Societal Dynamics http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series C: Environmental Security Springer Springer Springer IOS Press IOS Press Environmental Change and Human Security: Recognizing and Acting on Hazard Impacts edited by P. H. Liotta Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA David A. Mouat Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA William G. Kepner U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Las Vegas, NV, USA and Judith M. Lancaster Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Change and Human Security: Recognizing and Acting on Hazard Impacts Newport, Rhode Island 4–7, June 2007 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008928520 ISBN 978-1-4020-8550-5 (PB) ISBN 978-1-4020-8549-9 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-8551-2 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form-or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. PREFACE Environmental and Human Security: Then and Now ALAN D. HECHT1 AND P. H. LIOTTA2* 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development 2 Pell Center for International Relation