E-Book Content
Elements of Human and Social Geography Some Anthropological Perspectives ERIC SUNDERLAND Professor of Anthropology, University of Durham P E R G A M O N PRESS OXFORD • NEW YORK • TORONTO SYDNEY • BRAUNSCHWEIG Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523 Pergamon of Canada Ltd., 207 Queen's Quay West, Toronto 1 Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 19a Boundary Street, Rushcutters Bay, N.S.W. 2011, Australia Vieweg & Sohn GmbH, Burgplatz 1, Braunschweig Copyright © 1973 Eric Sunderland All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Pergamon Press Ltd. First edition 1973 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sunderland, Eric. Elements of human and social geography. (The Commonwealth and international library, Pergamon Oxford geographies) Includes bibliographical references. i. Anthropology i. Title. GN31.S83 1973 301.2 73-10060 ISBN 0-08-017689-5 ISBN 0-08-017690-9 (flexicover) Printed in Great Britain by Western Printing Services Ltd., Bristol List of Tables 1. Simplified sequence of advanced Palaeolithic cultures in south-western France (after G. Clark, 1961) 17 2. Distribution of the ABO blood groups 37 3. Distribution of the MN blood groups 43 4. ABO blood groups 46 5. Distribution of Diego Positives 48 6. Distribution of rhesus negatives (rh or cde) and of R° (cDe) 51 7. Distribution of sicklers in Africa 53 vii List of Figures 1. Australopithecinae (after Ashley Montague, 1951) 3 2. Pleistocene stratigraphy at Olduvai 4 3. Stone tools from various prehistoric cultures (after Oakley, 1966 and Day, 1965) 10 & 11 4. Homo erectus—Middle Pleistocene man (after Ashley Montagu, 1951) 12 5. Neanderthal man (after Ashley Montagu, 1951) 14 6. Neanderthal sites in Europe and Western Asia (after Weiner, 1971) 15 7. Cromagnon man (after Ashley Montagu, 1951) 16 8. Distribution of Wild Emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) and of Wild Einkorn (T. boeoticum) (after Zohary in Ucko and Dimbleby, 1969) 23 9. Distribution of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) (after Zohary in Ucko and Dimbleby, 1969) 24 10. Distribution of the wild goat (Capra) (after Cole, 1959) 25 11. Distribution of the wild sheep (Ovis) (after Cole, 1959) 26 12. Distribution of the wild pig (Sus scrqfa scrofa) (after Cole, 1959) 26 13. Distribution of the wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) (after Cole, 1959) 27 14. The spread of early farming into Europe (after Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza, 1971) 29 15. The distribution in aboriginal populations of allele O of the ABO blood-group system (after Buettner-Janusch, 1966) 35 16. The distribution in aboriginal populations of allele B of the ABO blood-group system (after Buettner-Janusch, 1966) 36 ix x List of Figures 17. The distribution of blood group O in England, Wales and Scotland (after Kopec, 1970) 18. The distribution of blood group A in England, Wales and Scotland (after Kopec, 1970) 19. The distribution of blood group B -f- AB in England, Wales Scotland (after Kopec, 1970) 20. The distribution in aboriginal populations of the allele M of the MNSs blood-group system (after Buettner-Janusch, 1966) 21. The distribution of rhesus negatives in Europe (after Mourant, 1954) 22. The distribution of haemoglobin S (Sickling) in the Old World 23. The distribution of haemoglobins G and E in the Old World 24. PTG tasting bimodality; a sample from County Durham 25. England, Wales and Scotland; per cent non-tasters of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) 26. England, Wales and Scotland; per cent of t