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Engineering Geology and Geotechnics F.G. BELL NEWNES-BUTTERWORTHS LONDON - BOSTON Sydney -Wellington - Durban - Toronto The Butterworth Group United Kingdom Australia Canada Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd London: 88 Kingsway, WC2B 6AB Butterworths Pty Ltd Sydney: 586 Pacific Highway, Chatswood, NSW 2067 Also at Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth Butterworth & Co (Canada) Ltd Toronto: 2265 Midland Avenue, Scarborough, Ontario MIP 4SI New Zealand Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd Wellington: T & W Young Building, 7 7 - 8 5 Customhouse Quay, 1 CPOBox472 South Africa Butterworth & Co (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Durban: 152-154 Gale Street USA Butterworth (Publishers) Inc Boston: 10 Tower Office Park, Woburn, Mass. 01801 First published 1980 © Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd, 1980 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the Publishers. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. This book is sold subject to the Standard Conditions of Sale of Net Books and may not be re-sold in the UK below the net price given by the Publishers in their current price list. ISBN 0 408 00355 3 (cased) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bell, Frederic Gladstone Engineering geology and geotechnics. 1. Engineering geology I. Title 624'.151 TA705 ISBN 0 - 4 0 8 - 0 0 3 5 5 - 3 Typeset by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent Printed in England by Billing & Sons Limited, Guildford, London and Worcester 79-40875 Preface Geology is an essential study for anyone entering the professions of civil engineering and mining engineering, as both of these involve working on or within the ground. Accordingly engineering geology and geotechnics have together become an accepted discipline studied by civil and mining engineers as well as geologists, and this book attempts to show how the relevant aspects of the geological sciences are applied to engineering practice. Geological factors will obviously affect the location of engineering works, their design, construction and subsequent maintenance. Within the last two decades significant advances have been made in engineering geology and geotechnics. Unfortunately this has inevitably meant that the gap between the researcher on the one hand and the student and practitioner on the other has widened. In such situations textbooks which provide a general survey of the subject are a vital necessity, providing a much needed bridge between the two groups. This book attempts to provide such a survey which incorporates recent developments, but it is realised that, although every effort has been made to include relevant, up-to-date material, certain items may have been omitted whilst others may have been superceded. The reader is therefore advised to supplement the information provided, with material obtainable from the many journals now available in this field, the titles of which can be found in the references given at the end of each chapter. The text assumes a basic knowledge of geology which, for example, the undergraduate is likely to obtain in his first year at college, and also assumes that the reader has some knowledge of rock and soil mechanics. As far as the student is concerned the text therefore is aimed primarily at the two final years of an undergraduate course in engineering geology or civil or mining engineering. However, it is hoped that the text will be of some service to those in related professions such as building and planning. Because the solution to every problem created by ground conditions is more or l