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Some Topics in Industrial and Applied Mathematics Series in Contemporary ApplieU Mathematies CAM Honorary Editor: Chao-HaoGu (Fudun University) Editors: P. G. Ciarlet (City University of Hong Kong), Tatsien Li (Fudan University) ~ 1. Mathematical Finance -Theory and Practice (Eds. Yong Jiongmin, Rama Cont) 2. New Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics -Theory, Methods and Applications (Eds. F. Dubois, Wu Huamo) 3. Actuarial Science -Theory and Practice (Eds. Hanji Shang, Alain Tosseti) 4. Mathematical Problems in Environmental Science and Engineering (Eds. Alexandre Ern, Liu Weiping) 5. Ginzburg-Landau Vortices (Eds. HdimBrezis, Tatsien Li) 6. Frontiers and Prospects of Contemporary Applied Mathmetics (Eds. Tatsien Li, Pingwen Zhang) 7. Mathematical Methods for Surface and Subsurface Hydrosystems (Eds. Deguan Wang, Christian Duquennoi, Alexandre Ern) 0. Some Topics in Industrial and Applied Mathematics (Eds. Rolf Jeltsch, Tatsien Li, Ian Hugh Sloan) Series in Contemporary Applied Mathematics CAM 8 Some Topics in Industrial and Applied Mathematics editors Rolf Jeltsch ETH Zurich, Switzerland Ta-Tsien Li Fudan University, China Ian H Sloan University of New South Wales, Australia Higher Education Press r p World Scientific N E W JERSEY - LONDON - SINGAPORE - B E l J l N G * SHANGHAI * HONG KONG * TAIPEI * CHENNAI Rolf Jeltsch Seminar of Applied Mathematics ETH Ziirich CH-8092 Ziirich Switzerland 'htsien Li School of Mathematical Sciences Fudan University 220, Handan Road Shanghai, 200433 China Ian Hugh Sloan School of Mathematics University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Copyright @ 2007 by Higher Education Press 4 Dewai Dajie, Beijing 100011, P. R. China, and World Scientific Publishing Co R e Ltd 5 Toh Tuch Link, Singapore 596224 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publishel: ISBN 978-7-04-021903-6 Printed in P. R. China Preface On the occasion that the Officers’ Meeting and the Board Meeting of ICIAM (International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) was held in Shanghai from May 26 to May 27, 2006, many famous industrial and applied mathematicians gathered in Shanghai from different countries. The Shanghai Forum on Industrial and Applied Mathematics was organized from May 25 to May 26, 2006 at Shanghai Science Hall for the purpose of inviting some of them to present their recent results and discuss recent trends in industrial and applied mathematics. Sixteen invited lectures have been given for this activity. This volume collects the material covered by most of these lectures. It will be very useful for graduate students and researchers in industrial and applied mathematics. The editors would like take this opportunity to express their sincere thanks to all the authors in this volume for their kind contribution. We are very grateful to the Shanghai Association for Science and Technol- ogy (SAST), F’udan University, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), The China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (CSIAM), the Shanghai Society for Industrial and Applied Mathmatics (SSIAM), the Institut Sino-Franqais de Mathbmatiques Appliqubes (ISFMA) and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) for their help and support. Our special thanks are also due to Mrs. Zhou Chunlian for her efficient assistance in editing this book. Rolf Jeltsch, Ta-Tsien Li, Ian H. Sloan April 2007 This page intentionally left blank<