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SCIENCE VISUAL RESOURCES CHEMISTRY An Illustrated Guide to Science The Diagram Group Chemistry: An Illustrated Guide to Science Copyright © 2006 The Diagram Group Author: Derek McMonagle BSc PhD CSci CChem FRSC Editors: Eleanora von Dehsen, Jamie Stokes, Judith Bazler Design: Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone, Lee Lawrence, Phil Richardson Illustration: Peter Wilkinson Picture research: Neil McKenna Indexer: Martin Hargreaves All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data, please contact the publisher. ISBN 0-8160-6163-7 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Printed in China CP Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Introduction Chemistry is one of eight volumes of the Science Visual Resources set. It contains eight sections, a comprehensive glossary, a Web site guide, and an index. Chemistry is a learning tool for students and teachers. Full-color diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate the essential elements of the subject, while parallel text provides key definitions and step-by-step explanations. Atomic Structure provides an overview of the very basic structure of physical matter. It looks at the origins of the elements and explains the nature of atoms and molecules. Elements and Compounds examines the characteristics of the elements and their compounds in detail. Tables give the boiling points, ionization energies, melting points, atomic volumes, atomic numbers, and atomic masses key elements. Plates also describe crystal structures and covalent bonding. Changes in Matter is an overview of basic chemical processes and methods. It looks at mixtures and solutions, solubility, chromatography, and the pH scale. Patterns—Non-Metals and Patterns—Metals focus on the properties of these two distinct groups of elements. These sections also include descriptions of the industrial processes used when isolating important elements of both types. Chemical Reactions looks at the essential factors that influence reactions. It includes information on proton transfer, electrolysis, redox reactions, catalysts, and the effects of concentration and temperature. Chemistry of Carbon details the chemical reactions involving carbon that are vital to modern industry—from the distillation of crude oil to the synthesis of polymers and the manufacture of soaps and detergents. This section also includes an overview of the chemistry of life. Radioactivity is concerned with ionizing radiation, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, and radioactive decay, as well as the properties of radiation. Tables describe all known isotopes, both radioactive and non-radioactive. Contents 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Formation of stars Fate of stars The solar system Planet composition Planetary density, size, and atmosphere Atomic structure Geiger and Marsden’s apparatus Investigating the electron 1 Investigating the electron 2 Cathode ray oscilloscope 18 Measuring the charge on the electron 19 Size and motion of molecules 20 Det