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A HISTORY OF INDIAN LITERATURE DAVID SEYFORT RUEGG THE LITERATURE OF THE MADHYAMAKA SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY IN INDIA OTTO HARRASSOWITZ • WIESBADEN A HISTORY OF INDIAN LITERATURE EDITED BY JAN GONDA VOLUME VII Fasc. 1 1981 OTTO HARRASSOWITZ • WIESBADEN DAVID SEYFORT RUEGG THE LITERATURE OF THE MADHYAMAKA SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY IN INDIA 1981 OTTO HARRASSOWITZ • WIESBADEN A HISTORY OF INDIAN LITERATURE Contents of Vol. VII Vol. VII: Buddhist and Jaina Literature Fasc. 1: D. Seyfort Ruegg The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India CIP-KurztlteTaufnahtne der Deutschen Bibliothek A history of Indian literature / ed. by Jan Gonda. - Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. NE: Gonda, Jan [Hrsg.] Vol. 7. Buddhist and Jaina literature Vol. 7. Fasc. 1. -> Ruegg, David Seyfort: The literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India Ruegg, David Seyfort: The literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India / David Seyfort Ruegg. — Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1981. (A history of Indian literature ; Vol. 7, Fasc. 1) ISBN 3-447-02204-3 © Otto Hatrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1Q81. Alle Hecate vorbehalteu. Photographische und photomechatusche Wiedergabe nur mit ausdrucklicher Genehmigung des Verlages. Gesamtherstellung: Allgauer Zeitungsverlag GmbH, Kempten. Printed in Germany. Sigel: HIL CONTENTS Introduction 1 The early period: the formation of the Madhyamaka school Nagarjuna Commentaries on Nagarjuna's works Aryadeva Rahulabhadra 'Naga' The middle period: the systematization of the Madhyamaka school Buddhapalita Bhavaviveka Later Svatantrikas Srigupta Jnanagarbha Candrakirti Santideva 4 4 47 50 54 56 .. The Yogdcdra-Madhyamaka synthesis &antaraksita Kamalasila Later Yogacara-Madhyamikas .. 58 60 61 67 67 68 71 82 87 88 93 99 The Madhyamaka-Prajndpdramitd synthesis 101 Madhyamaka and Vajraydna 104 The last period of the Indian Madhyamaka school Bodhibhadra, Dharmakirti and Dipamkaras'rijnana Jayananda Abhayakaragupta Other later Madhyamikas 109 109 113 114 115 Appendix I: Works on practice ascribed to ASvaghosa, Arya-lSiira, DharmaSubhuti(ghosa), and Mdtrceta 119 Appendix II: Ratnakaraddnti's 'Vijnapti-Madhyamaka' Modern editions of the Sanskrit texts of the Madhyamaka school .. 122 .. 125 Modern editions of the Tibetan versions of works of the Madhyamaka school 129 VT Abbreviations Indices I. Titles II. Names III. Sanskrit key-words IV. Tibetan terms Contents 1*2 133 13 9 141 146 PREFACE This outline of the philosophical literature of the Indian Madhyamaka school is based on the Sanskrit sources to the limited extent they are now available to us. The major part of this literature is unfortunately not extant in the original and must be presumed lost. However, this loss is at least partly compensated for by the fact that a very large number of important works of this school were translated into Chinese and Tibetan; and for the purposes of the present publication use has been made chiefly of the translations contained in the Peking edition of the Tibetan bsTan*'gyur in the facsimile reprint of the Tibetan Tripitaka Research Institute (Tokyo-Kyoto, 1958). The fact that we possess few good modern editions of the surviving Sanskrit texts and the very nature of our translated sources inevitably raise important philological and exegetical problems which it has not always been possible to pursue in the space available. Limitations of space have moreover allowed the inclusion of short and hence selective summaries of only some of the most fundamental texts from the 1000year history of the Indian Madhyamaka. The majority of the works from this vast literature hav