ELSEVIER CORROSION SERIES Series Editor: Tim Burstein Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK VOLUME 1: High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion of Metals – by David John Young HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION AND CORROSION OF METALS By DAVID JOHN YOUNG Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2008 Copyright r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-044587-8 ISSN: 1875-9491 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE Almost all metals and alloys of technological interest oxidize and corrode at high temperatures. However, the nature of the reaction products and the rates at which metal surfaces are degraded vary widely, and a capacity for prediction is highly desirable. This book is concerned with providing a fundamental basis for understanding the alloy–gas oxidation and corrosion reactions observed in practice and in the laboratory. Its purpose is to enable the prediction of reaction morphology, kinetics and rate as a function of temperature and the compositions of both alloy and gas. The term ‘‘oxidation’’ is used in a gene