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Edmund Ba¨uerlein (Ed.) Biomineralization From Biology to Biotechnology and Medical Application Second, Completely Revised and Extended Edition E. Ba¨uerlein (Ed.) Biomineralization Second, Completely Revised and Extended Edition Also of Interest Niemeyer, C. M., Mirkin, C. A. (Eds.) Nanobiotechnology Concepts, Applications and Perspectives 2004, ISBN 3-527-30658-7 Ajayan, P. M., Schadler, L. S., Braun, P. V. Nanocomposite Science and Technology 2003, ISBN 3-527-30359-6 Willner, I., Katz, E. (Eds.) Bioelectronics From Theory to Applications 2004, ISBN 3-527-30690-0 Minuth, W. W., Strehl, R., Schumacher, K. Tissue Engineering From Cell Biology to Artificial Organs 2005, ISBN 3-527-31186-6 Edmund Ba¨uerlein (Ed.) Biomineralization From Biology to Biotechnology and Medical Application Second, Completely Revised and Extended Edition Prof. (em.) Dr. Edmund Ba¨uerlein Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry Dept. of Membrane Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 A 82152 Martinsried Germany All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editor, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Cover Illustration (Designed by Felix Ba¨uerlein): Top left: Elongated prismatic magnetite crystals in membrane vesicles of a magnetic bacterium (D. Schu¨ler, Chap. 4, p. 62). Top right: Calcein-stained calcified skeletal structures in the caudal fin of zebrafish larvae (S. J. Du, Y. Haga, Chap. 17, p. 296). Bottom left: From aragonite to calcite. The change of shape from ‘‘ear-stone’’ through star-like aragonite to pur calcite crystals in a down-regulation of the starmaker protein in the zebrafish (C. So¨llner, T. Nicolson, Chap. 14, p. 236). Bottom right: A micromechanical method to study stability of diatoms (C. Hamm, R. Merkel, Chap. 18, p. 322). Library of Congress Card No.: applied for A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de First Edition 2000 Second, Completely Revised and Extended Edition 2004 6 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation in other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany. Printed on acid-free paper. Typesetting Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong Printing betz-druck gmbh, Darmstadt Bookbinding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH, Heppenheim ISBN 3-527-31065-7 This book is dedicated to my wife Cornelia for her permanent encouragement and editorial support also for this 2. edition and to my daughter Henrike and my son Felix for their indefatigable cooperation in di‰cult computer work Foreword The term biomineralization summarizes the natural processes by which living organisms form materials from bioorganic molecules and inorganic solids. This is a fascinating topic, uniting the living and the (not always really) dead world surrounding us. In fact, all of us have a direct relation to biomineralization, as we are ‘‘biomineralisateurs’’ – producing each day crystals of a calcium phosphate (apatite), embedded in an organic matri