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This monograph develops a unified microscopic basis for phases and phase changes of bulk matter and small systems in terms of classical physics. The origins of such phase changes are derived from simple but physically relevant models of how transitions between rigid crystalline, glassy and fluid states occur, how phase equilibria arise, and how bulk properties evolve from those of small systems.
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Springer Series on atomic, optical, and plasma physics 42 Springer Series on atomic, optical, and plasma physics The Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics covers in a comprehensive manner theory and experiment in the entire field of atoms and molecules and their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Books in the series provide a rich source of new ideas and techniques with wide applications in fields such as chemistry, materials science, astrophysics, surface science, plasma technology, advanced optics, aeronomy, and engineering. Laser physics is a particular connecting theme that has provided much of the continuing impetus for new developments in the field. The purpose of the series is to cover the gap between standard undergraduate textbooks and the research literature with emphasis on the fundamental ideas, methods, techniques, and results in the field. 36 Atom Tunneling Phenomena in Physics, Chemistry and Biology Editor: T. Miyazaki 37 Charged Particle Traps Physics and Techniques of Charged Particle Field Confinement By V.N. Gheorghe, F.G. Major, G. Werth 38 Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion By K. Miyamoto 39 Plasma-Material Interaction in Controlled Fusion By D. Naujoks 40 Relativistic Quantum Theory of Atoms and Molecules Theory and Computation By I.P. Grant 41 Turbulent Particle-Laden Gas Flows By A.Y. Varaksin 42 Phase Transitions of Simple Systems By B.M. Smirnov and S.R. Berry 43 Collisions of Charged Particles with Molecules By Y. Itikawa 44 Collisions of Charged Particles with Molecules Editors: T. Fujimoto and A. Iwamae 45 Emergent Non-Linear Phenomena in Bose–Einstein Condensates Theory and Experiment Editors: P.G. Kevrekidis, D.J. Frantzeskakis, and R. Carretero-González 46 Angle and Spin Resolved Auger Emission Theory and Applications to Atoms and Molecules By B. Lohmann Vols. 10–35 of the former Springer Series on Atoms and Plasmas are listed at the end of the book Boris M. Smirnov ċ R. Stephen Berry Phase Transitions of Simple Systems With 81 Figures and 32 Tables 123 Prof. Boris M. Smirnov Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of High Temperatures Izhorskaya ul. 13/19 127412 Moscow, Russia Prof. Dr. R. Stephen Berry University of Chicago Department of Chemistry 929 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA ISSN 1615-5653 ISBN 978-3-540-71513-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2007933847 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from SpringerVerlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media. springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for gen