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This revised version of the original 1978 edition has been expanded with 44 new essays, all written by respected post-Cold War scholars who bring the latest perspectives to their topics. Of the original essays, 33 have been revised by new scholars and 43 have been revised by the original contributors. General category coverage includes concepts and doctrines, policymaking, commerce and science, human rights and arms control, with specific articles on topics ranging from anti-imperialism to environmental diplomacy, from refugee policies to terrorism and countermeasures. (20020901)
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ENCYCLOPEDIA of AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY ADVISORY BOARD Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman San Diego State University Nick Cullather Indiana University Chester Pach Ohio University William O. Walker III Florida International University ENCYCLOPEDIA of AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY Second Edition VOLUME 1 Chronology A–D Alexander DeConde, Richard Dean Burns, and Fredrik Logevall, Editors in Chief Louise B. Ketz, Executive Editor Copyright © 2002 by Charles Scribner’s Sons Charles Scribner’s Sons An imprint of the Gale Group 300 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy : studies of the principal movements and ideas / editors, Alexander DeConde … [et al.]--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-80657-6 (set : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-684-80658-4 (v. 1) -- ISBN 0-684-80659-2 (v. 2) -- ISBN 0-684-80660-6 (v. 3) 1. United States--Foreign relations--Encyclopedias. 2. United States--Foreign relations--Philosophy--Encyclopedias. I. DeConde, Alexander. E183.7 .E52 2002 327.73'003--dc21 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z3948-1992 (Permanence of Paper) 2001049800 EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF This Book Was Produced by the Louise B. Ketz Agency Manuscript Editors Nancy Belanger Michael Levine Elizabeth I. Wilson Linda Sanders Bibliographic Researcher Alison C. Kero Proofreaders Janet Byrne Carol Holmes Evangeline Legones Laura Patchkofsky Composition Manager Evi Seoud Designer Pamela A. E. Galbreath Typesetter LM Design Senior Editor John Fitzpatrick Associate Publisher Timothy J. DeWerff Publisher Frank Menchaca CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1607–2001 . . . . . xvii Richard Dean Burns and Louise B. Ketz AFRICAN AMERICANS . . . Brenda Gayle Plummer . . . . ALLIANCES, COALITIONS, AND ENTENTES . Warren F. Kimball . . . . . 1 . . 29 ANTI-IMPERIALISM . . Robert Buzzanco . . . . . . . . . . 49 ARBITRATION, MEDIATION, AND CONCILIATION Calvin D. Davis . . . . . . . . . 61 ARMED NEUTRALITIES . Ian Mugridge . . . . . . AMBASSADORS, EXECUTIVE AGENTS, AND SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVES . Kenneth J. Grieb .