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Working Americans 1880–2005 Volume VI: Women At Work A UNIVERSAL REFERENCE Book GREY HOUSE PUBLISHING Working Americans 1880-2005 Volume VI: Women at Work WORKING AMERICANS 1880-2005 Volume VI: Women at Work by Scott Derks PUBLISHER: EDITORIAL DIRECTOR: EDITORIAL COORDINATOR: MARKETING DIRECTOR: AUTHOR: COPYEDITOR: COMPOSITION: Leslie Mackenzie Laura Mars-Proietti Neil O’Connor Jessica Moody Scott Derks Elaine Alibrandi Q2A Solutions A Universal Reference Book Grey House Publishing, Inc. 185 Millerton Road Millerton, NY 12546 518.789.8700 FAX 518.789.0545 www.greyhouse.com e-mail: books @greyhouse.com While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Grey House Publishing neither guarantees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or discrepancies. Grey House accepts no payment for listing; inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Except by express prior written permission of the Copyright Proprietor no part of this work may be copied by any means of publication or communication now known or developed hereafter including, but not limited to, use in any directory or compilation or other print publication, in any information storage and retrieval system, in any other electronic device, or in any visual or audio-visual device or product. This publication is an original and creative work, copyrighted by Grey House Publishing, Inc. and is fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by laws covering misappropriation, trade secrets and unfair competition. Grey House has added value to the underlying factual material through one or more of the following efforts: unique and original selection; expression; arrangement; coordination; and classification. Grey House Publishing, Inc. will defend its rights in this publication. Copyright © 2005 Grey House Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved First edition 2005 Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Prepared by The Donohue Group, Inc.) Derks, Scott. Working Americans, 1880-2005 / by Scott Derks. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The working class -- v. 2. The middle class -- v. 3. The upper class -- v. 4. Their children. -- v. 5. At war. – v. 6. Women at Work ISBN: 1-891-48281-5 (v. 1) ISBN: 1-891-48272-6 (v. 2) ISBN: 1-930-95638-X (v. 3) ISBN: 1-930-95635-5 (v. 4) ISBN: 1-592-37024-1 (v. 5) ISBN: 1-592-37063-2 (v. 6) 1. Working class--United States--History--19th century. 2. Working class--United States--History--20th century. 3. Labor--United States--History--19th century. 4. Labor--United States--History--20th century. 5. Occupations--United States--History--19th century. 6. Occupations--United States--History--20th century. 7. Social classes--United States--History--19th century. 8. Social classes-United States--History--20th century. 9. United States--Economic conditions. I. Title. HD8066 .D47 305.5’0973’0904—-dc21 ISBN 1-59237-063-2 hardcover TABLE OF CONTENTS 1880-1899 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1890 Profile: Photographer from New York............................................................................... 3 Life at Home................................................................................................................................. 3 Life at Work.................................................................................................................................. 6 Life in the Communit