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How is language acquired when infants are exposed to multiple language input from birth and when adults are required to learn a second language after early childhood? How do adult bilinguals comprehend and produce words and sentences when their two languages are potentially always active and in competition with one another? What are the neural mechanisms that underlie proficient bilingualism? What are the general consequences of bilingualism for cognition and for language and thought? This handbook will be essential reading for cognitive psychologists, linguists, applied linguists, and educators who wish to better understand the cognitive basis of bilingualism and the logic of experimental and formal approaches to language science.
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HANDBOOK OF BILINGUALISM This page intentionally left blank Handbook of Bilingualism Psycholinguistic Approaches EDITED BY JUDITH F. KROLL ANNETTE M. B. DE GROOT 1 2005 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright # 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of bilingualism : psycholinguistic approaches / edited by Judith F. Kroll, Annette M.B. De Groot. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-515177-0 ISBN 0-19-515177-1 1. Bilingualism—Psychological aspects. 2. Psycholinguistics. I. Kroll, Judith F. II. Groot, A. M. B. de. P115.4.H36 2005 2004049595 4040 .2—dc22 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Preface and Acknowledgments As recently as 10 years ago, the topic of bilingualism was somewhat outside the mainstream of experimental cognitive psychology. There were many studies on disparate topics, but no systematic body of research that could be identified as constituting a clear focus within the field. In the time since, activity in this field has accelerated at a dizzying pace. There are now journals, a variety of books, international meetings, and cross-disciplinary graduate programs in psychology, linguistics, applied linguistics, and education, all dedicated to second language acquisition and bilingualism. In 1997, we edited a book, Tutorials in Bilingualism (Erlbaum), to provide students and researchers with overviews of the topics that we considered central to the emerging psycholinguistics of bilingualism. At the time, we could not possibly anticipate the rapid developments in this field that have occurred. As we try to understand why interest in cognitive approaches to bilingualism has grown, we can point to the global economy, to the increasing multilingual presence in the United States and elsewhere where monolingualism was once the accepted norm, to debates regarding bilingual education, and to the introduction of exciting new methods for revealing brain activity during language processing. But, what we really believe is the main reason for this increased interest is that cognitive scientists have come to appreciate that