ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY VOLUME 30 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME LINDOJ . BARTELLI DICKD . DAVIS E. C. DOLL F. E. KHASAWNEH BETTYKLEPPER JAY D. MANN R. L. PARFITT PETERL. STEPONKUS H. M. TAYLOR ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Prepared under the Auspices of the AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY VOLUME 30 Edited by N. C. BRADY International Rice Research Institute Manila, Philippines ADVISORY BOARD H.J. GORZ,CHAIRMAN K.M. KIM G.R. BLAKE R . B . GROSSMAN E.A. WERNSMAN M. STELLY,EX T.M. STARLING OFFICIO, ASA Headquarters I978 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT @ 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ( L O N D O N ) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London N W l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 7DX CATALOG CARD NUMBER:50-5598 !ISBN 0-12-000730-4 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 30 .................................. PREFACE.................................................... ix xi ANION ADSORPTION BY SOILS AND SOIL MATERIALS R. L . P d i t t I. I1. I11. IV . V. VI . VII . Introduction ............................................ Techniques ............................................ Determination of Adsorption Sites on Mineral Surfaces . . . . . . . . . Adsorption Mechanisms .................................. Identification of Adsorption Sites in Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adsorption by Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary and Conclusions ................................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 2 7 12 24 26 41 42 COLD HARDINESS AND FREEZING INJURY OF AGRONOMIC CROPS Peter L . Steponkus I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. Characterization of the Freezing Process and Freezing Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Environmental Factors Affecting Cold Hardiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . Effect of Developmental Stage on Cold Hardiness . . . . . . . . . . . . V . Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Cold Acclimation .......................................... VI . Screening and Stress Procedures for Determining Cold Hardiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . Summary and Conclusions ................................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 54 65 71 73 88 92 93 THE ROLE OF ROOTING CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO PLANTS H . M . Taylor and Betty Klepper I . Introduction ............................................ 99 100 I1. A Model of Water Uptake by Roots ........................ I11. Diurnal Water Potentials in the Soil-Plant System . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 CONTENTS vi Axial Resistances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resistances in the Absorption Pathway ..................... Rooting Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .