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The human and financial cost of war between 1544 and 1604 strained English government and society to their limits. Paul E. J. Hammer offers a new narrative of these wars which weaves together developments on land and sea. Combining original work and a synthesis of existing research, Hammer explores how the government of Elizabeth I overhauled English strategy and weapons to create forces capable of confronting the might of Habsburg Spain.
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Elizabeth’s Wars War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 Paul E.J. Hammer Elizabeth’s Wars RELATED TITLES FROM PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Pauline Croft, King James Susan Doran and Thomas S. Freeman (eds), The Myth of Elizabeth Carole Levin, The Reign of Elizabeth I A. L. Rowse, The England of Elizabeth A. L. Rowse, The Expansion of Elizabethan England Julia Walker, Elizabeth I as Icon Elizabeth’s Wars War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 Paul E. J. Hammer © Paul E. J. Hammer 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries). ISBN 0–333–91943–2 paperback ISBN 0–333–91942–4 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hammer, Paul E. J. Elizabeth’s wars : war, government, and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 / Paul E. J. Hammer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–333–91943–2—ISBN 0–333–91942–4 (pbk.) 1. Great Britain—History—Elizabeth, 1588–1603. 2. Great Britain—Politics and government—1558–1603. 3. Great Britain—History, Military—1485–1603. 4. England—Social conditions—16th century. I. Title. DA355.H26 2003 942.05 5 092–dc21 2003049804 10 12 9 11 8 10 7 09 6 08 5 07 4 06 3 05 2 04 1 03 Typeset by Cambrian Typesetters, Frimley, Surrey Printed and bound in Great Britain by Creative Print & Design (Wales), Ebbw Vale Contents viii ix x xiv List of Maps List of Tables Technical Terms and Conventions Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1 2 The Glory of War: operations and developments, 1544–1558 9 War with Scotland, 1542–44 The Invasion of France, 1544 War on Two Fronts, 1544–46 The Cost of Henry’s Wars Somerset’s war, 1547–49 Military Exhaustion, 1550–57 Mary’s War, 1557–58 14 16 20 25 34 43 48 The Burden of War: operations and developments, 1558–c.1572 54 False Dawn: Scotland 1559–60 Fiasco in France, 1562–63 The Cost of War, 1559–69 Irela