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Novartis Foundation Symposium GENETIC EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY TO DISEASE Edited by Michael Rutter Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK GENETIC EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY TO DISEASE The Novartis Foundation The Novartis Foundation is an international scientific and educational charity (known until September 1997 as the Ciba Foundation), having been established in 1947 by the CIBA company of Basle, which merged with Sandoz in 1996 to form Novartis. The Foundation promotes the study and general knowledge of science and encouraged international co-operation in scientific research. To this end, it organized internationally acclaimed meetings (typically eight symposia and allied open meetings and 15–20 discussion meetings each year) as well as publishing eight books per year featuring the presented papers and discussions from the symposia. The Novartis Foundation’s headquarters at 41 Portland Place, London W1B 1BN, provide library facilities, open to graduates in science and allied disciplines, and accommodation and meeting facilities to visiting scientists and their societies. Towards the end of 2006, the Novartis Company undertook a review of the Foundation as a consequence of which the Foundation’s Trustees were informed that Company support for the Foundation would cease with effect from the end of February 2008. The Foundation’s Trustees decided that when the Foundation was dissolved, it would be taken over by the Academy of Medical Sciences. Accordingly, the Novartis Foundation and all its publications are now incorporated within The Academy of Medical Sciences. The Academy of Medical Sciences The Academy of Medical Sciences promotes advances in medical science and campaigns to ensure these are converted into healthcare benefits for society. Our Fellows are the UK’s leading medical scientists from hospitals and general practice, academia, industry and the public service. The Academy seeks to play a pivotal role in determining the future of medical science in the UK, and the benefits that society will enjoy in years to come. We champion the UK’s strengths in medical science, promote careers and capacity buiilding, encourage the implementation of new ideas and solutions—often through novel partnerships—and help to remove barriers to progress. For further information visit http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk The University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand The University of Otago is New Zealand’s oldest University. It was founded in Dunedin in 1869 and has earned a worldwide reputation for excellence, balancing the traditions of its history with modern scholarship, teaching and research. Research underpins academic activity and professional training across the disciplines—Commerce, Health Sciences, Humanities and Sciences—with the result that the University of Otago is today New Zealand’s most researchintensive university and also its top-ranked university for research excellence. A commitment to internationalization, the aspirations of the indigenous Maori people, the fostering and commercialization of intellectual property, and contributing to the national good are other key areas of focus. The University has exchange agreements with some 90 institutions in 32 countries around the world. The University of Otago has an academic presence that spans the length of New Zealand. Most undergraduate and postgraduate study takes place on the Dunedin campus, but the University is also represented in the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Invercargill. It has a roll of more than 20 000 students, with almost 4000 of these studying at the postgraduate level. Further information can be found at www.otago.ac.nz Novartis Foundation Symposium GENETIC EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY TO DISEASE Edited by Michael Rutter Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK Copyr