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Multifactorial Analysis in Corpus Linguistics Open Linguistics Series Series Editor Robin Fawcett, University of Cardiff This series is 'open' in two related ways. First, it is not confined to works associated with any one school of linguistics. For almost two decades the scries has played a significant role in establishing and maintaining the present climate of'openness' in linguistics, and we intend to maintain this tradition. However, we particularly welcome works which explore the nature and use of language through modelling its potential for use in social contexts, or through a cognitive model of language - or indeed a combination of the two. The series is also 'open' in the sense that it welcomes works that open out 'core' linguistics in various ways: to give a central place to the description of natural texts and the use of corpora; to encompass discourse 'above the sentence'; to relate language to other scmiotic systems; to apply linguistics in fields such as education, language pathology and law; and to explore the areas that lie between linguistics and its neighbouring disciplines such as semiotics, psychology; sociology', philosophy, and cultural and literary studies. Continuum also also publishes a series that offers a forum for primarily functional descriptions of languages or parts of languages - Functional Descriptions of Language. Relations between linguistics and computing are covered in the Communication in Artificial Intelligence series. Two series, Advances in Applied Linguistics and Communication in Public Life, publish books in applied linguistics and the series Modern Pragmatics in Theory and Practice publishes both social and cognitive perspectives on the making of meaning in language use. We also publish a range of introductory textbooks on topics in linguistics, semiotics and deaf studies. Recent titles in the series Culturally Speaking. Managing Rapport through Talk across Cultures, Helen Spcnccr-Oatey (ed.) Educating Eve: The 'Language Instinct'Debate, Geoffrey Sampson Empirical Linguistics, Geoffrey Sampson Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace, and School, Frances Christie and J. R. Martin (eds.) Pedagogy and the Shaping of Consciousness: Linguistic and Social Processes, Frances Christie (cd.) Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern. English Lexicology, Howard Jackson and Etienne Ze Amvcla Syntactic Analysis and Description: A Constructional Approach, David G. Lockwood Relations and Functions within and around Language, Peter H. Fries, Michael Cummings, David G. Lockwood and William Spruiell (eds) Classroom Discourse Analysis: A Functional Perspective, Frances Christie Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause,]. R. Martin and David Rose Multifactorial Analysis in Corpus Linguistics A Study of Particle Placement Stefan Thomas Gries Continuum The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London, SE1 7NX 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6503 This edition published by Continuum 2003 © Stefan Thomas Cries 2003 This work has been accepted as the author's PhD dissertation by the Faculty of Language Sciences, University of Hamburg, on 27 September 2000; supervisors: Klaus-Uwe Panther and Giinter Radden. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-8264-6126-3 (hardback) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grics, Stefan Thomas. 1970 Multifactorial analysis in corpus linguistics : a study of particle placement / Stefan Thomas Gries. p. cm. (Open linguistics series) Originally presented as the