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T H E EDI N B U R GH C O M PA N ION TO TWENTIETH CENTURY SCOTTISH LITERATURE EDITED BY IAN BROWN & ALAN RIACH Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Scottish Literature Edinburgh Companions to Scottish Literature Series Editors: Ian Brown and Thomas Owen Clancy Titles in the series include: The Edinburgh Companion to Robert Burns Edited by Gerard Carruthers 978 0 7486 3648 8 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3649 5 (paperback) The Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Scottish Literature Edited by Ian Brown and Alan Riach 978 0 7486 3693 8 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3694 5 (paperback) The Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Scottish Poetry Edited by Matt McGuire and Colin Nicholson 978 0 7486 3625 9 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3626 6 (paperback) Forthcoming titles include: The Edinburgh Companion to Muriel Spark Edited by Michael Gardiner and Willy Maley 978 0 7486 3768 3 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3769 0 (paperback) The Edinburgh Companion to Robert Louis Stevenson Edited by Penny Fielding 978 0 7486 3554 2 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3555 9 (paperback) The Edinburgh Companion to Irvine Welsh Edited by Berthold Schoene 978 0 7486 3917 5 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3918 2 (paperback) The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Romanticism Edited by Murray Pittock 978 0 7486 3845 1 (hardback) 978 0 7486 3846 8 (paperback) Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Scottish Literature Edited by Ian Brown and Alan Riach Edinburgh University Press © in this edition Edinburgh University Press, 2009 © in the individual contributions is retained by the authors Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 10.5 on 12.5pt Goudy by Servis Filmsetting Limited, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 3693 8 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 3694 5 (paperback) The right of the contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Series Editors’ Preface 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Introduction Ian Brown and Alan Riach Arcades – The Turning of the Nineteenth Century Cairns Craig Scotland, Empire and Apocalypse – From Stevenson to Buchan Murray Pittock Literature and World War One Trevor Royle Arcades – The 1920s and 1930s Alan Riach Twentieth-century Scottish Drama Donald Smith and Ksenija Horvat The Modern Scottish Literary Renaissance Roderick Watson Literature and World War Two Douglas Gifford Arcades – The 1940s and 1950s Moira Burgess Language, Hugh MacDiarmid and W. S. Graham John Corbett Post-War Scottish Fiction – Mac Colla, Linklater, Jenkins, Spark and Kennaway Bernard Sellin Arcades – The 1960s and 1970s Ian Brown and Colin Nicholson The (B)order in Modern Scottish Literature Carla Sassi The Seven Poets Generation Robyn Marsack vii 1 15 25 37 50 61 75 88 103 112 123 133 145 156 vi c o nt en t s 14 Language and Identity in Modern Gaelic Verse Michelle Macleod 15 Arcades – The 1980s and 1990s Michael Gardiner 16 Scottish Contemporary Popular and Genre Fiction Marie Odile Pittin-Hédon 17 Poetry in the Age of Morgan Donny O’Rourke 18 Entering the Twenty-first Century Ian Brown Endnotes Further Reading Notes on Contributors Index 167 181 193 204 214 223 245 252 255 Series Editors’ Preface In 1919, T. S. Eliot (or perhaps a sub-editor) posed the provocative query, ‘Was There a Scottish Literature?’ and critical angst on this subject has ensued over the ninety years since. The view of the editors of this series – and a prime motivation for its production – is that however valid the question within one concept of literary tradition, it does not m