Earthquake Risk Reduction

Earthquake Risk Reduction David J. Dowrick Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Earthquake Risk Reduction Earthquake Risk Reduction David J. Dowrick Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dowrick, David J. Earthquake risk reduction / David J. Dowrick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-49688-X (acid-free paper) 1. Earthquake engineering. 2. Earthquake resistant design. I. Title. TA654.6.D69 2003 624.1 762—dc21 2003041176 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-471-49688-X Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Dedicated to my wife Gulielma and to all people who live in earthquake areas Contents Preface xiii 1 Earthquake risk reduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1 1 3 1.3.1 1.3.2 3 7 Earthquake consequences and their acceptability Economic consequences of earthquakes Earthquake risk reduction actions 2 The nature of earthquakes 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Global seismotectonics The strength of earthquakes—magnitude and intensity 3 Determination of site characteristics 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.5 10 15 15 16 20 27