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US FOREIGN POLICY AND THE HORN OF AFRICA US Foreign Policy and Conflict in the Islamic World Series Editors: Tom Lansford The University of Southern Mississippi-Gulf Coast, USA Jack Kalpakian Al Akhawayn University, Morocco The proliferation of an anti-US ideology among radicalized Islamic groups has emerged as one of the most significant security concerns for the United States and contemporary global relations in the wake of the end of the Cold War. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 demonstrated the danger posed by Islamic extremists to US domestic and foreign interests. Through a wealth of case studies this new series examines the role that US foreign policy has played in exacerbating or ameliorating hostilities among and within Muslim nations as a means of exploring the rise in tension between some Islamic groups and the West. The series provides an interdisciplinary framework of analysis which, transcending traditional, narrow modes of inquiry, permits a comprehensive examination of US foreign policy in the context of the Islamic world. Other titles in the series US-Pakistan Relationship Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan A.Z. Hilali ISBN 0 7546 4220 8 Eurasia in Balance The US and the Regional Power Shift Ariel Cohen ISBN 0 7546 4449 9 Uneasy Neighbors India, Pakistan and US Foreign Policy Kanishkan Sathasivam ISBN 0 7546 3762 X US Foreign Policy and the Persian Gulf Safeguarding American Interests through Selective Multilateralism Robert J. Pauly, Jr ISBN 0 7546 3533 3 US Foreign Policy and the Horn of Africa PETER WOODWARD University of Reading, UK © Peter Woodward 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Peter Woodward has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 3HR England Ashgate Publishing Company Suite 420 101 Cherry Street Burlington, VT 05401-4405 USA Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Woodward, Peter, 1944– US foreign policy and the Horn of Africa. – (US foreign policy and conflict in the Islamic world) 1. Islam 2. United States – Foreign relations – Africa, Northeast 3. Africa, Northeast – Foreign relations – United States 4. United States – Foreign relations – 1989– I. Title 327.7'3063 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woodward, Peter, 1944– US foreign policy and the Horn of Africa / by Peter Woodward. p. cm. -- (US foreign policy and conflict in the Islamic world) Includes index. ISBN 0-7546-3580-5 1. United States--Foreign relations--Sudan. 2. United States--Foreign relations-Somalia. 3. United States--Foreign relations--Africa, Northeast. 4. Sudan--Foreign relations--United States. 5. Somalia--Foreign relations--United States. 6. Africa, Northeast--Foreign relations--United States. 7. Islam and politics--Africa, Northeast. 8. United States--Foreign relations--1989– 9. Africa, Northeast--Foreign relations--1974– 10. Eritrean-Ethiopian War, 1998– I. Title. II. Series: US foreign policy and conflict in the Islamic world series E183.8.S73W66 2005 327.73063--dc22 2005023190 ISBN 0 7546 3580 5 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. Contents Acknowledgements Map Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 US Foreign Policy Making and the Horn of Africa The US and the Horn in the Cold War Facing Sudan’s Islamist Regime Intervention in Somalia New Friends for the US? Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti Confronting Sudan Peacemaking in Sudan Somalia’s Long Shadow Conclusion Bibliography Index