A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF RENAL MEDICINE Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation This page intentionally left blank A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF RENAL MEDICINE Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation edited by Kar Neng Lai The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A PRACTICAL MANUAL OF RENAL MEDICINE Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Copyright © 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are accurately portrayed in this book. However, the responsibility for all prescriptions rests with the physician. Neither the publisher nor the editor/authors can be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the information contained herein. Please consult the standard prescribing information and instructions on use that are issued by the manufacturers and available in each country. ISBN-13 978-981-283-871-1 (pbk) ISBN-10 981-283-871-6 (pbk) Typeset by Stallion Press Email:
[email protected] Printed in Singapore. XiaoLing - A Practical Manual.pmd 1 10/7/2009, 5:05 PM b730_FM.qxd 6/2/2009 3:15 PM Page v This book is dedicated to my parents and my brother, Ka Siu LAI, MD b730_FM.qxd 6/2/2009 3:15 PM Page vii Preface Most textbooks of kidney diseases provide comprehensive information on etiology, epidemiology, physiology, pathology, pathogenetic mechanisms, symptomatology, investigation and management. While the importance of an understanding of the pathophysiology of disease is pivotal in our