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The Function of Function Words and Functional Categories Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today (LA) provides a platform for original monograph studies into synchronic and diachronic linguistics. Studies in LA confront empirical and theoretical problems as these are currently discussed in syntax, semantics, morphology, phonology, and systematic pragmatics with the aim to establish robust empirical generalizations within a universalistic perspective. Series Editors Werner Abraham Elly van Gelderen University of Vienna Arizona State University Advisory Editorial Board Cedric Boeckx Ian Roberts Harvard University Cambridge University Guglielmo Cinque Ken Safir University of Venice Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ Günther Grewendorf Lisa deMena Travis J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt McGill University Liliane Haegeman Sten Vikner University of Lille, France University of Aarhus Hubert Haider C. Jan-Wouter Zwart University of Salzburg University of Groningen Christer Platzack University of Lund Volume 78 The Function of Function Words and Functional Categories Edited by Marcel den Dikken and Christina M. Tortora The Function of Function Words and Functional Categories Edited by Marcel den Dikken The Graduate Center, The City University of New York Christina M. Tortora The College of Staten Island and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia 8 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The function of function words and functional categories / edited by Marcel den Dikken, Christina M. Tortora. p. cm. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, issn 0166–0829 ; v. 78) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Grammar, Comparative and general--Function words. 2. Functionalism (Linguistics) 3. Grammar, Comparative and general-Grammatical categories. I. Dikken, Marcel den, 1965- II. Tortora, Christina. III. Linguistik aktuell ; Bd. 78. P283.F86 2005 415--dc22 isbn 90 272 2802 7 (Hb; alk. paper) 2005048395 © 2005 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Acknowledgements The function of function words and functional categories Marcel den Dikken and Christina M. Tortora Verb second as a function of Merge Jan-Wouter Zwart Nonnative acquisition of verb second: On the empirical underpinnings of universal L2 claims Ute Bohnacker vii 1 11 41 Clause union and clausal position Josef Bayer, Tanja Schmid and Markus Bader 79 Explaining Expl Marc Richards and Theresa Biberauer 115 Reflexives in contexts of reduced valency: German vs. Dutch Marika Lekakou 155 Simple tense Guido Vanden Wyngaerd 187 Possessor licensing, definiteness and case in Scandinavian Marit Julien 217 Pronouns are determiners after all Dorian Roehrs 251 Index 287 Acknowledgements We would like to thank several parties associated with the 19th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop (CGSW1