CMIREPORT Discrimination in the Name of Religious Freedom: The Rights of Women and Non-Muslims after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan Liv Tønnessen Anne Sofie Roald R 2007: 5 Discrimination in the Name of Religious Freedom: The Rights of Women and NonMuslims after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan Liv Tønnessen and Anne Sofie Roald R 2007: 5 CMI REPORT DISCRIMINATION IN THE NAME OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM CMI Reports This series can be ordered from: Chr. Michelsen Institute P.O. Box 6033 Postterminalen, N-5892 Bergen, Norway Tel: + 47 55 57 40 00 Fax: + 47 55 57 41 66 E-mail:
[email protected] www.cmi.no Price: NOK 50 ISSN 0805-505X ISBN 978-82-8062-203-7 This report is also available at: www.cmi.no/publications Indexing terms Religious freedom Women's rights Sudan Gender Human rights Religion Islam Christianity Peace building Project number 26079 Project title Religious dialogue and peace building in Sudan R 2007: 5 CMI REPORT DISCRIMINATION IN THE NAME OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM R 2007: 5 Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. V MAJOR FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................... VI The Rights of Non-Muslims....................................................................................................................... vi The Rights of Women ............................................................................................................................... vii 1. INTRODUCTION: RELIGION AND PEACEBUILDING...................................................................... 1 1.1 RELIGION AND CONFLICT IN SUDAN .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. THE RIGHTS OF NON-MUSLIMS ................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 NON-MUSLIMS: DHIMMI OR CITIZENS? ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2 THE STATUS OF NON-MUSLIMS IN THE CPA AND THE NATIONAL INTERIM CONSTITUTION ...................... 8 2.2.1 Apostasy .......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 NON-MUSLIMS’ VIEW OF THEIR RIGHTS IN ISLAM .................................................................................. 13 3. THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN...................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 THE NATIONAL INTERIM CONSTITUTION: STEPS IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION?........................................... 17 3.2 THE STATE, RELIGION AND LEGAL PLURALISM ...................................................................................... 20 3.3 SHARIA .................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 The Personal Status Law for Muslims of 1991................................................................................ 22 3.3.2 Contemporary Views on the Islamic Family Law .........................................................