Domestic Wastewater Treatment In Developing Countries

Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries Duncan Mara London • Sterling, VA First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2004 Copyright © Duncan Mara, 2003 All rights reserved ISBN: 1-84407-019-0 paperback 1-84407-020-4 hardback Typesetting by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Cover design by Danny Gillespie For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street, London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mara, D. Duncan (David Duncan), 1944Domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries / Duncan Mara. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84407-020-4 (alk. paper) – ISBN 1-84407-019-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sewage disposal–Developing countries. 2. Sewage--Purification–Developing countries. I. Title. TD627.M37 2004 628.3'09172'4–dc 2003023959 This book is printed on elemental chlorine free paper Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface Principal Notation List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ix xiii xv xvii 1 What is Domestic Wastewater and Why Treat It? Origin and composition of domestic wastewater Characterization of domestic wastewater Wastewater collection Why treat wastewater? Investment in wastewater treatment 1 1 2 5 5 6 2 Excreta-related Diseases Environmental classification of excreta-related diseases Global burden of excreta-related diseases 8 8 18 3 Essential Microbiology and Biology Introduction Viruses Bacteria and Archaea Protozoa Algae Helminths Freshwater micro-invertebrates 20 20 22 24 35 37 37 38 4 Effluent Quality Wastewater treatment objectives Wastewater re-use Discharge to inland waters Discharge to coastal waters BATNEEC or CATNAP? 41 41 42 43 52 54 5 BOD Removal Kinetics First-order kinetics Hydraulic flow regimes Limitations of simple first-