art & design for This page intentionally left blank art & design for the creative photography handbook fourth edition mark galer Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First published 1995 Reprinted 1997 Second edition 2000 Reprinted 2002 Third edition 2004 Reprinted 2005 Fourth edition 2007 Copyright © 2007, Mark Galer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Mark Galer to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN–13: 978-0-240-52050-6 ISBN–10: 0-240-52050-5 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.focalpress.com Printed and bound in Italy 07 08 09 10 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acknowledgements Among the many people who helped make this book possible, I wish to express my gratitude to the following individuals: Tom Davies for his enthusiasm for art and design education. Jane Curry for her enthusiasm for photography in education. Tim Daly for his advice and input to the first edition. John Child and Adrian Davies for their input to the second edition. John Child and Kerry Short for their input to the fourt