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V O L U M E 1 Latin American Literature and Its Times World Literature and Its Times Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them Joyce Moss • Lorraine Valestuk GALE GROUP Detroit San Francisco London Boston Woodbridge, CT World Literature and Its Times V O L U M E 1 Latin American Literature and Its Times World Literature and Its Times Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them Joyce Moss • Lorraine Valestuk GALE GROUP Detroit San Francisco London Boston Woodbridge, CT World Literature and Its Times Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them VOLUME I Latin American Literature and Its Times JOYCE MOSS • LORRAINE VALESTUK STAFF Lawrence J. Trudeau, Production Editor Maria Franklin, Permissions Manager Kimberly F. Smilay, Permissions Specialist Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director Evi Seoud, Production Manager Cynthia Baldwin, Art Director Pamela Galbreath, Cover and Page Designer Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Supervisor Randy Bassett, Image Database Supervisor Robert Duncan, Scanner Operator Pamela Hayes, Photography Coordinator @™The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 1999 Joyce Moss All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. ISBN 0-7876-3726-2 Printed in the United States of America 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data Moss, Joyce, 1951Latin American literature and its times: profiles of notable literary works and the historical events that influenced them / Joyce Moss, Lorraine Valestuk p. cm.—(World literature and its times) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-3726-2 (hardcover) 1. Latin American literature—History and criticism. 2. Literature and history— Latin America. 3. Latin America—History Miscellanea. I. Valestuk, Lorraine, 1963II. Title. III. Series. PQ7081 .M625 1999 860.9'98—dc21 99-29292 CIP Rev. Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Chronology of Relevant Events xvii Contents by Title Contents by Author Photo Credits Entries Index xxxiii xxxv xxxvii 1 543 v General Preface T he world at the turn of the twenty-first century is a shrinking sphere. Innovative modes of transmission make communication from one continent to another almost instantaneous, encouraging the development of an increasingly global society, heightening the urgency of the need for mutual understanding. At the foundation of World Literature and Its Times is the belief that within a people's literature are keys to their perspectives, their emotions, and the formative events that have brought them to the present point. As manifested in their literary works, societies experience phenomena that are in some instances universal and in other instances tied to time and place. T. S. Eliot's poem The Wasteland, for example, is set in Europe in the early 1920s, when the region was rife with the disenchan