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"The Encylcopaedia of Islam" (New Edition) sets out the present state of knowledge of the Islamic world. It is a key to understanding the world of Islam, not only the religion itself but also the believers and the countries in which they live. The work embraces articles on distinguished Muslims of every age and land; on tribes and dynasties; on the crafts and sciences; on political and religious institutions; on the geography; ethnography; flora and fauna of the various countries and on the history, topography and monuments of the major towns and cities. This New Edition is published in double fascicules of 128 pages. Eight to ten fasciculess make up one volume. Upon completion of a volume, covrs and prelims are supplied for binding.
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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM NEW EDITION PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF LEADING ORIENTALISTS EDITED BY
C. E. BOSWORTH, E. VAN DONZEL, B. LEWIS AND CH. PELLAT ASSISTED BY F. TH. DIJKEMA AND MME S. NURIT (pp. 1-512)
C. E. BOSWORTH, E. VAN DONZEL, W. P. HEINRICHS AND CH. PELLAT ASSISTED BY F. TH. DIJKEMA AND MME. S. NURIT (pp. 513-1044) UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES
VOLUME VI MAHK—MID
LEIDEN
E.J. BRILL 1991
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Members: C.E. BOSWORTH, J.T.P. DE BRUIJN, CL. CAHEN, A. DIAS FARINHA, E. VAN DONZEL, J. VAN Ess, F. GABRIELI, E. GARCIA GOMEZ, W.P. HEINRICHS, A.K.S. LAMBTON, G. LECOMTE, T. LEWICKI, B. LEWIS, F. MEIER, CH. PELLAT, F.H. PRUIJT, F. ROSENTHAL, F. RUNDGREN, A.L. UDOVITCH. Associated members: NAJI AL-AsiL, HAUL INALCIK, IBRAHIM MADKOUR, S.H. NASR, M. TALBI, E. TYAN.
The preparation of this volume of the Encyclopaedia of Islam was made possible in part through grants from the Research Tools Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent Federal Agency of the United States Government; the British Academy; the Oriental Institute, Leiden; Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences
The articles in this volume were published in double fascicules of 128 pages, the dates of publication being: 1986: Fasc. 99-100, pp. 1-128 1987: Fascs. 101-104, pp. 129-384 1988: Fasc. 105-106, pp. 385-512
1989: Fasc. 107-112, pp. 513- 896 1990: Facs. 113-114a, pp. 897-1044
ISBN 90 04 08112 7 © Copyright 1990 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission from the Editors. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME For the benefit of readers who may wish to follow up an individual contributor's articles, the Editors have decided to place after each contributor's name the number of the pages on which his signature appears. Academic but not other addresses are given (for a retired scholar, the place of his last known academic appointment). In this list, names in square brackets are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. An asterisk after the name of the author in the text denotes an article reprinted from the first edition which has been brought up to date by the Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by a second author his name appears in the text within square brackets after the name of the original author.
M. ABDESSELEM, University of Tunis. 911. Z. ABRAHAMOWICZ, Cracow. 986. HALEH AFSHAR, University of Bradford. 488. I. AFSHAR, Tehran. 92. FEROZ AHMAD, University of Massachusetts, Boston. 74. M. AJAMI, Princeton University. 409. MUNIR AKTEPE, University of Istanbul. 58, 1004. HAMID ALGAR, University of California, Berkeley. 225, 292. C. H. ALLEN Jr., School of the