ADVANCES IN Immunology VOLUME 45 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN Immunology EDITED BY FRANK J. DIXON Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation La Jolla, California ASSOCIATE EDITORS K. FRANKAUSTEN LEROYE. HOOD JONATHAN W. UHR VOLUME 45 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Horcourt Brace Jovonovich, Publishers Son Diego London New York Berkeley Boston Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT 0 1989 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. San Diego, California 92101 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road. London NW 1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: ISBN 0-12-022445-3 ( a k . paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 61-17057 CONTENTS Cellular Interactions in the Humoral Immune Response ELLENS. VITETTA,RAFAELFERNANDEZ-BOTRAN, CHRISTOPHER D. MYERS, AND VIRGINIA M. SANDERS 1. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. Introduction Antigen Processing and Presentation Helper T Cells Physical Interaction between T and B Cells Interleukins Cellular Interactions in Mvo-A Synthesis References 1 8 24 35 54 78 86 MHC-Antigen Interaction: What Does the T Cell Receptor See? PHILIPPE KOURILSKY AND JEAN-MICHEL CLAVERIE I. Introduction 11. The T Cell Receptor and Accessory Molecules 111. The MHC Molecules IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. The Processed Antigen The Questionable Homogeneity of Individual MHC Molecules MHC-Antigen Interactions Structural Data on T Cell Epitopes Alloreactivity Do TcRs See Polymorphic (Haplotype-Specific) Residues of MHC Molecules? X. Relevance to the Ontogeny of the T Cell Repertoire References 107 108 110 117 128 131 142 148 157 162 168 Synthetic T and B Cell Recognition Sites: Implications for Vaccine Development DAVIDR. MILICH I. Introduction 11. Immunological Considerations 111. Enumeration and Functional Characteristics of T Cell Recognition Sites Defined by Synthetic Peptides IV. Enumeration of B Cell Recognition Sites Defined by Synthetic Peptides V. Methods of Predicting T and B Cell Recognition Sites V 195 197 202 237 250 vi CONTENTS VI. Status of Candidate Synthetic Peptide Vaccines VII. Conclusions References 252 259 264 Rationale for the Development of an Engineered Sporozoite Malaria Vaccine VlClOR NUSSENZWEIG AND RUTHs. NUSSENZWEla I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. Introduction Sporozoite-Induced Immunity to Malaria Properties of CS Proteins Role of Antibodies in Protection Interferon-7 Affects the Liver Stages The Need for CS-Specific T Cells in Sporozoite Vaccines Human "tials of Sporozoite Vaccines Relationship between Immunity to Malaria in Endemic Areas and the Presence in Serum of Antibodies to NANP, Vaccination with P. vivax CS Protein Perspectives References 283 285 292 300 30 I 306 313 315 317 319 322 Virus-Induced Immunosuppression: Infections with Measles Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus MICHAEL B. MCCHESNEY AND MICHAEL B. A. OLDSTONE I. 11. 111. IV. Introduction Measles Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Immunosuppression Conclusion References 335 336 347 368 369 The Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA) Gene Cluster DENNIS HOURCADE, V. MICHAEL HOLERS, AND JOHN P. ATKINSON I. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Introduction The Complement Pathways Biochemical Interactions