Atmospheric Pollution

J.C. JONES ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION DOWNLOAD FREE TEXTBOOKS AT BOOKBOON.COM NO REGISTRATION NEEDED J. C. Jones Atmospheric Pollution Download free books at BookBooN.com 2 Atmospheric Pollution © 2008 J. C. Jones & Ventus Publishing ApS ISBN 978-87-7681-416-8 Dedicated to: Philip Pearce MA in gratitude for times shared with the author in Leeds in the 1970s and in California in the 1990s. Download free books at BookBooN.com 3 Atmospheric Pollution Contents Contents Preface 9 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction: The gas laws Introduction The Ideal Gas Equation The mole concept Sample calculations The parts per million (p.p.m.) concept Nitrogen accompanying oxygen in combustion processes Concluding comments 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Sulphur pollutants Origin of sulphur pollutants Sulphur in fuels Form of sulphur in fuels and the fate of the sulphur on combustion Desulphurisation of fuels Sulphur credits Methods of sulphur dioxide detection Sulphur pollution levels in various countries Sulphur dioxide emissions from shipping Acid rain Acid rain in the age of greenhouse gas reductions 13 13 13 15 15 18 21 22 23 24 27 Please click the advert what‘s missing in this equation? You could be one of our future talents MAERSK INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE PROGRAMME Are you about to graduate as an engineer or geoscientist? Or have you already graduated? If so, there may be an exciting future for you with A.P. Moller - Maersk. www.maersk.com/mitas Download free books at BookBooN.com 4 Atmospheric Pollution Contents 29 29 3. 3.1. 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Oxides of nitrogen Introduction Denitrogenation of fuels NOx mitigation during burning: the ‘low NOx burner’ Removal of NOx from flue gas by selective catalytic reduction NOx from vehicles NOx from shipping NOx credits Means of measuring NOx Concluding numerical exercise References 30 30 30 32 33 34 37 37 39 40 40 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 Particulate General introduction PM10 PM2.5 Smaller particles than PM2.5 Concluding comments References 41 41 41 46 47 48 48 5. 5.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and ozone Introduction 50 50 Please click the advert 2.11 Concluding remarks 2.12 References Download free books at BookBooN.com 5 Atmospheric Pollution Contents VOC from vehicles VOC from refineries Other sources of VOC Measurement of VOC VOC and ozone formation Ozone 50 51 52 52 52 53 6. 6.1. 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Carbon monoxide Introduction Contribution from motor vehicles Miscellaneous sources of carbon monoxide [1] Detection and measurement of carbon monoxide Harmful effects of carbon monoxide Concluding remarks: trends in carbon monoxide levels in air References Appendix to Chapter 6 57 57 57 59 59 60 61 61 62 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Metals in the atmosphere Lead Mercury Cadmium Nickel Arsenic Analysis of air for metallic elements References 64 64 65 66 67 69 70 71 Please click the advert 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5. 5.6 5.7. www.job.oticon.dk Download free books at BookBooN.com 6 Atmospheric Pollution Contents 8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Chlorinated pollutants Hydrogen chloride Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Elemental chlorine Dioxins References 72 72 74 76 76 78 9. 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 Greenhouse gases Part I: Background Introduction to the greenhouse gas chapters Gas radiation Why ‘greenhouse’? A simplified