Advances in PARASITOLOGY VOLUME 64 Editorial Board M. Coluzzi, Director, Istituto de Parassitologia, Universita` Degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy C. Combes, Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, Universite´ de Perpignan, Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Me´diterrane´enne, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France D. D. Despommier, Division of Tropical Medicine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032,USA J.J. Shaw, Instituto de Cieˆncias Biome´dicas, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, av. Prof Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-990, Cidade Universita´ria, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil K. Tanabe, Laboratory of Biology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-Ku, Osaka, 535, Japan Advances in PARASITOLOGY Edited by J.R. BAKER Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, England R. MULLER London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England and D. ROLLINSON The Natural History Museum, London, England VOLUME 64 Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo ACADEMIC PRESS Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2007 Copyright r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN: 978-0-12-031767-7 ISSN: 0065-308X For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in the United Kingdom 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 64 T. A. BAKKE, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway A.-L. BAN˜ULS, Institut pour la Recherche et De´veloppement, UMR CNRS/IRD 2724, Ge´ne´tique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, IRD Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France J. CABLE, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK B. FRIED, Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA T. K. GRACZYK, Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA P. D. HARRIS, Schools of Education and Biology, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK M. HIDE, Institut pour la Recherche et