ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 66 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PETER W. HAWKES Lahoratoire d' Optiyue Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi'que Toulouse, France ASSOCIATE EDITOR-IMAGE PICK-UP AND DLSPLAY BENJAMIN KAZAN Xerox Coupordon Pnlo Alto Reseurch Center Palo Alto, Culgorniri Advances in ~ Electronics and Electron Physics EDITEDBY PETER W. HAWKES Laboratoire D' Optique Electronique du Centre Nutionul de la Recherche Scientifque Toulouse, France VOLUME 66 1986 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Orlando San Diego New York Austin London Montreal Sydney Tokyo Toronto BY ACADEMIC PRESS.INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. KO PART OFTHIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODLCEI) OR TRAKSMllTED I N ANY FORM OR BY ANY M E A M . ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL. INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY. RECORDING. OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. WITHOCT PERMISSION I N WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. COPYRIGHTQ 1986 ACADEMIC PRESS. INC. Orlando. Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) 24-28 Oval Road. London N W I 7DX LTD. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS cATAl.OG C A R D NL'MREK: ISBN 0-12-014666-5 PRINTED IN THE U N I T E D STATES OF AMERICA X h 87 xx 8Y Y x 7 h 5 .I 3 I I 49-7504 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ix Applied Problems of Digital Optics L. P. YAROSLAVSKII 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Adaptive Correction of Distortions in Imaging and Holographic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Preparation of Pictures , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Automatic Localization of Objects in Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Synthesis of Holograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. 1 5 45 68 92 136 Two-Dimensional Digital Filters and Data Compression V . CAPPELL~NI I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Two-Dimensional Digital Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Local Space Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Data Compression V. Joint Use of Two- .. .. 141 142 152 158 .. V1. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173 176 199 .. .. Statistical Aspects of Image Handling in LowDose Electron Microscopy of Biological Material CORNELIS H. SLUMPand HEDZERA. FERWERDA 1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Object Wave Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Wave-Function Reconstruction of Weak Scatterers . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Parameter Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Statistical Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A: The Statistical Properties of the Fourier Transform of the Low-Dose Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V 202 213 230 254 277 297 vi CONTENTS Appendix B: The Statistical