Political Empowerment Of Women: The Netherlands And Other Countries (nijhoff Law Specials)

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THE NETHERLANDS AND OTHER COUNTRIES NIJHOFF LAW SPECIALS VOLUME 59 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THE NETHERLANDS AND OTHER COUNTRIES by Monique Leyenaar MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS LEIDEN / BOSTON A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Cover illustration: “Danseuse”, Sonia Delaunay (1916). © L & M Services B.V. Amsterdam 20040603 Printed on acid-free paper ISBN 90 04 14099 9 ©2004 Koninklijke Brill NV Brill Academic Publishers incorporates the imprint of Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. http://www.brill.nl This publication is protected by international copyright law. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 THE POLITICS OF GENDER REPRESENTATION .................................................... 2 THE POLICY OF GENDER REPRESENTATION ....................................................... 6 POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION .................................................................................... 7 THE CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS ...................................................................... 8 PLAN OF THE BOOK ........................................................................................... 10 PART I: DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT : A C OMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER 2 POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN FIFTEEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ...................................................................................................... 17 WOMEN IN POLITICS IN THE 15 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ................................ 18 Scandinavian Countries ................................................................................. 21 Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain .................................................................. 25 France, Belgium and Luxembourg ................................................................ 30 Britain and Ireland......................................................................................... 36 Germany and Austria..................................................................................... 43 EUROPEAN UNION ............................................................................................. 48 EVALUATING EUROPE ........................................................................................ 53 v Contents CHAPTER 3 AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK FOR WOMEN’S POLITICAL REPRESENTATION .......................................................................................... 56 VOTING ............................................................................................................... 58 RECRUITMENT .................................................................................................... 62 Social and Cultural Climate .......................................................................... 62 Gender Division of Labour and Gender Equality ......................................... 63 Civil Society and Corporatism ...................................................................... 64 Structural Factors .......................................................................................... 64 Situational Factors ......................................................................................... 65 Psychological F