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Brazil: A Global Studies Handbook provides an easy-to-access, multifaceted introduction to the world's fifth largest nation—a staggeringly diverse region, socially and geographically, that remains relatively unknown even as it becomes increasingly important on the world stage. Brazil offers an expert chronological narrative summary of over five centuries of South America's largest country—from the days of early Portuguese exploration to President Luiz In?cio Lula da Silva's reelection. In addition, it provides a richly informative section of alphabetically organized entries covering important Brazilian people, places, and events. For readers both new to Brazil or researching specific aspects of its unique history, complex politics, heavyweight economy, and vibrant culture, this is the volume with which to begin.
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BRAZIL A Global Studies Handbook
Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s
GLOBAL STUDIES: LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Series Argentina, Todd L. Edwards Chile, Lisa M. Edwards Costa Rica, Meg Tyler Mitchell and Scott Pentzer Cuba, Ted A. Henken Mexico, James D. Huck, Jr.
GLOBAL STUDIES: LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN
BRAZIL A Global Studies Handbook Todd L. Edwards
Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England
Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edwards, Todd L. Brazil : a global studies handbook / Todd L. Edwards p. cm. — (ABC-CLIO's global studies series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-85109-995-5 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-85109-996-2 (ebook) 1. Brazil—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. F2509.5.E39 2008 981--dc22 2007016500 12
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Production Editor: Anna A. Moore Editorial Assistant: Sara Springer Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Editor: Ellen Rasmussen Media Resources Coordinator: Ellen Brenna Dougherty Media Resources Manager: Caroline Price File Manager: Paula Gerard ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook. Visit http://www.abc-clio.com for details. This book is printed on acid-free paper
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Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents Series Editor’s Foreword xi Preface and Acknowledgments
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PART ONE: NARRATIVE SECTION 1 Chapter One: Geography and History
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The Physical Setting 3 The North 5 The Northeast 6 The Center-West 7 The South-East 8 The South 8 Portugal’s Discovery of Brazil 9 Portuguese Settlement of Brazil 13 The Indigenous Population 18 Colonial Brazil 21 Slavery and Social Structure in Colonial Brazil 21 The Church in Colonial Brazil 24 Colonial Political and Economic Institutions Imperial Reorganization (1750–1808) 28 Independence 31
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The Brazilian Empire 33 Dom Pedro I (1822–1831) 34 Dom Pedro II (1840–1889) 37 The Republic (1889–1930) 43 Canudos 46 Economy of the Republic 48 The Vargas Era (1930–1954) 51 The Second Republic (1946–1964)
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Brazil’s Military Dictatorship (1964–1985) Brazil’s Economic Miracle 66
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From Liberalization to Redemocratization 68 Fernando Collor de Mello (1990–1992) 70 Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2003) 71 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003–Present) 73 References and Fur