Applying Psychology
We would like to dedicate this course to the memory of Brenda Smith, Psychology Staff Tutor and member of the course team, who died during the final year of the course’s production. She had been a Psychology Staff Tutor since 1995, first in Scotland and then most recently in Ireland, but her close association with the Open University stretches back much further than this. She was an Open University student herself and then later returned to teach and was a tutor who enthused and supported very many students throughout their social science studies. At her funeral one of these students spoke very movingly of her warmth and energy and of the fact that she had really ‘made a difference’ to their lives. She certainly also made a difference to our DSE212 course team, where her commitment to education for mature students was clear in everything that she said and did, and her immensely hard work influenced many of our plans for the teaching and learning strategy of the course and the content of the texts. She contributed enormously at both a professional and personal level, particularly to the early work of the course team, and we hope that her influence on the course will shine through, helping it in turn to ‘make a difference’ to the lives of all the students who will study it in the coming years.
Applying Psychology Edited by Nicky Brace and Helen Westcott
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The Open University Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA First published 2002 First published as an e-book 2002 Copyright © 2002 The Open University All rights, including copyright, in the content of this e-book are owned or controlled for these purposes by The Open University. In accessing this e-book, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or change in any way the content of this e-book for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of The Open University. Edited, designed and typeset by The Open University. Cover image: Guillem Ramos-Poqui This publication forms part of an Open University course DSE212 Exploring Psychology. Details of this and other Open University courses can be obtained from the Call Centre, PO Box 724, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6ZS, United Kingdom: tel. +44 (0)1908 653231, email
[email protected] Alternatively, you may visit the Open University website at http://www.open.ac.uk where you can learn more about the wide range of courses and packs offered at all levels by the Open University. To purchase this publication or other components of Open University courses, contact Open University Worldwide Ltd, The Berrill Building, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom: tel. +44 (0)1908 858785; fax +44 (0)1908 858787; email
[email protected]; website http://www.ouw.co.uk SUP-71678-3 1.1
Contents Introduction
vii
Helen Westcott and Nicky Brace
CHAPTER 1 Stress
1
Mary Hanley
CHAPTER 2 Post-traumatic stress disorder
57
Tim Dalgleish
CHAPTER 3 Psychological factors in witness evidence and identification
117
Helen Westcott and Nicola Brace
CHAPTER 4 Telling and detecting lies
179
Aldert Vrij
CHAPTER 5 The autistic spectrum: from theory to practice
243
Ilona Roth
CHAPTER 6 Computer-mediated communication: living, learning and working with computers
315
Adam Joinson and Karen Littleton
CHAPTER 7 Relati