Advances in Pharmacology Vohme 22 Advisory Board R. Wayne Alexander Maureen Howard Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Division Boston, Massachusetts Director of Immunology DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Palo Alto, California K. Frank Austen Department of Pharmacology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville. Virginia Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Boston, Massachusetts Jay A. Berzofsky National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Floyd E. Bloom Division of Preclinical Neuroscience Department of Basic and Preclinical Research Scripps Clinic and Research Institute La Jolla, California Thomas F. Burks Josep Larner Anthony Y.H. Lu Department of Animal Drug Metabolism Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories Rahway, New Jersey Lawrence J. Marnett Department of Chemistry Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan Bernard Moss Laboratory of Viral Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine Health Sciences Center The University of Anzona Tucson, Arizona Michael J. Peach Anthony Cerami Martyn T. Smith Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry The Rockefeller University New York, New York Julius J. Cohen Department of Physiology The University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Joseph T. Coyle Division of Child Psychiatry The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland Morley Hollenberg Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Health Sciences Centre The University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta. Canada Department of Pharmacology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia Department of Biomedical & Environmental Health Sciences The University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California August Watanabe Department of Cardiology Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana Stephen Waxman Division of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Grant R. Wilkinson Division of Clinical Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville. Tennessee Advances in Pharmacology V I Volume 22 Edited by J. Thomas August Department of Pharmacology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland M. W. Anders Department of Pharmacology University of Rochester Rochester, New York Ferid Murad Pharmaceutical Products Division Abbott Laboratories Abhott Park, Illinois Academic Press Harcoun Brace Jovanovich, Publishers San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1991 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, California 92101 Unired Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24-28 Oval Road. London NWl 7DX Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: ISBN 0- 12-032922-0 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91 92 93 94 9 8 1 6 5 4 3 2 I 61-18298 Conten