E-Book Overview
RFID (radio-frequency identification) is an emerging communication system technology and one of the most rapidly growing segments of today's automatic identification data collection industry. More and more engineers are looking for practical knowledge of the subject so they can realize RFID's performance maximizing benefits. This cutting-edge book serves as a comprehensive introduction to RFID, offering a detailed understanding of design essentials and applications, and providing a thorough overview of management issues. By comparing RFID with other technologies, this practical resource shows professionals how RFID technology can help them overcome many design challenges and limitations in the field.
E-Book Content
RFID Design Principles
For a complete listing of titles in the Artech House Microwave Library, turn to the back of this book.
RFID Design Principles Harvey Lehpamer
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-194-7
© 2008 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my lovely and very patient wife, Monica
Contents 1
Introduction
1
2
Comparison of Short-Range Communications Systems
3
2.1 2.1.1
Radio-Frequency Spectrum and Propagation Radio-Frequency Propagation and Interference
3 3
2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4
Basic Antenna Parameters Theory of Electromagnetism and Maxwell’s Equations Range of a Radio Communications System
7 14 16
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2
Overview of Short-Range Communications Systems Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Systems Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems
18 20 20
2.3 2.3.1
Wireless LANs Basics of WLANs
21 21
2.3.2
WLAN Components
22
2.4 2.4.1
Wireless Personal Area Network Bluetooth
23 24
2.4.2
ZigBee
27
2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2
Wireless Body Area Networks About WBANs Inductive Coupling Theory
28 28 30
vii
viii
RFID Design Principles
2.5.3
Medical Implant Communication Service and Wireless Medical Telemetry Service Bands
36
2.5.4 2.5.5
Wireless Body Implant Networks Passive Wearable Electrostatic Tags
40 41
2.6 2.6.1
Ultrawideband (UWB) Technology About UWB
42 42
2.6.2
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
46
2.7
Review Questions and Problems References
47 49
3
Automatic Identification Systems
51
3.1
Barcodes
51
3.2 3.2.1
Card Technologies Magnetic Cards
52 52
3.2.2 3.2.3
Smart Cards Optical Cards
53 54
3.3
Radio-Frequency Identification
54
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3
RFID Historical Background RF