Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY VOLUME 41 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY Edited by R. K. POOLE Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology The Krebs Institute f o r Biomolecular Research The University of Shefield Firth Court, Western Bank Shefield SIO 2TN, UK Volume 41 ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcaurt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 0 1999 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road, London NW I 7DX. UK http:Nwww.hbuk.co.uWap/ Academic Press A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495. USA http://www.apnet.com ISBN 0-12-027741-7 A catalogue for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by M Rules, London, UK Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall 990001020304MP98765432 1 Contents CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 41 ................................. ix Factors Affecting the Production of L-Phenylacetylcarbinol by Yeast: A Case Study Alison L. Oliver. Bruce N . Anderson and Felicity A. Roddick Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 . Biochemical production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Development and optimization of the fermentation process . . . . . . 11 4 . An industrial process for the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Fungal Production of Citric and Oxalic Acid: Importance in Metal Speciation. Physiology and Biogeochemical Processes Geoffrey M . Gadd 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Metal chemistry of oxalic and citric acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Fungal biosynthesis of oxalic acid and calcium oxalate formation . 53 Role of metals and oxalate in lignocellulose degradation and plant pathogenesis ...................................... 61 Catabolism of oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Fungal biosynthesis of citric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Fungal organic acid production and metal biogeochemistry . . . . . . 68 Fungal organic acid production and metal biotechnology . . . . . . . . 76 vi CONTENTS Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 79 Bacterial Viability and Culturability Michael R. Barer and Colin R. Harwood 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 The ‘viable