Sexual Equality In An Integrated Europe: Virtual Equality (europe In Transition: The Nyu European Studies Series)

Sexual Equality in an Integrated Europe EUROPE IN TRANSITION: THE NYU EUROPEAN STUDIES SERIES The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After Edited by Martin Schain Europe at the Polls: The European Elections of 1999 Edited by Pascal Perrineau, Gérard Grunberg, and Colette Ysmal Unions, Immigration, and Internationalization: New Challenges and Changing Coalitions in the United States and France By Leah Haus Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe Edited by Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay Defending Europe: The EU, NATO, and the Quest for European Autonomy Edited by Jolyon Howorth and John T.S. Keeler The Lega Nord and Contemporary Politics in Italy By Thomas W. Gold Germans or Foreigners? Attitudes Toward Ethnic Minorities in Post-Reunification Germany Edited by Richard Alba and Peter Schmidt Germany on the Road to “Normalcy”: Policies and Politics of the Red-Green Federal Government (1998–2002) Edited by Werner Reutter The Politics of Language: Essays on Languages, State and Society Edited by Tony Judt and Denis lacorne Realigning Interests: Crisis and Credibility in European Monetary Integration By Michele Chang The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West European Democracies By Michelle Hale Williams European Foreign Policy Making Toward the Mediterranean By Federica Bicchi Sexual Equality in an Integrated Europe: Virtual Equality By R. Amy Elman Sexual Equality in an Integrated Europe Virtual Equality R. Amy Elman SEXUAL EQUALITY IN AN INTEGRATED EUROPE Copyright © R. Amy Elman, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–8275–9 ISBN-10: 1–4039–8275–9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elman, R. Amy, 1961– Sexual equality in an integrated Europe / R. Amy Elman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–8275–9 (alk. paper) 1. Sex discrimination against women—European Union countries. 2. Women’s rights—European Union countries. I. Title. HQ1237.5.E85E46 2007 305.42094—dc22 2007013671 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2007 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. Contents List of Tables and Figures vii List of Cases ix List of European Union Legislative Materials xi Acknowledgments xvii List of Abbreviations xix 1