Encyclopedia Of Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Volume Editor Gerard V. Middleton is Professor Emeritus of Geology at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He was co-author of "Origin of Sedimentary Rocks" (Prentice-Hall), "Mechanics in the Earth and Environmental Sciences" (Cambridge), and author of "Data Analysis in the Earth Sciences using MATLAB" (Prentice-Hall). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 2003 received the Twenhofel Prize of SEPM, the Society for Sedimentary Geology. Aim of the Series The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists. These books represent one of the world's leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Go to www.eseo.com to visit the "Earth Sciences Encyclopedia Online" - the online version of this Encyclopedia Series. About the Editors Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge has edited more than 30 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and is affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Professor Michael Rampino has published more than 100 papers in professional journals including Science, Nature, and Scientific American. He has worked in such diverse fields as volcanology, planetary science, sedimentology, and climate studies, and has done field work on six continents. He is currently Associate Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at New York University and a consultant at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Contents List of Contributors xiii Preface xxvii Guide to the Reader xxix Algal and Bacterial Carbonate Sediments Roberl Riding 1 Allophane and Imogolite Roger L. Parfitt 3 Alluvial Fans Adrian M. Harvey 5 Authigenesis James R. Boles 11 Autosuspension Henry M. Pantin 30 Avalanche and Michael J. Bovis 31 Avulsion Norman D. Smith 34 Bacteria in Sediments 37 Nora Nofjfke Anabranching Rivers Gerald C. Nanson and Martin R. Gihling Ball-and-Pillow (Pillow) Structure Geraint Owen 39 Ancient Karst Brian Jones 11 15 Bar, Littoral Brian Greenwood 40 Angle of Repose Paul D. Komar 16 Barrier Islands Duncan M. FilzGerald and Ilya V Buynevich 43 Anhydrite and Gypsum Lawrence A. Hardie 19 Bauxite Ray L.Frost 48 Ankerite (in Sediments) James P. Hendry Armor Rob Ferguson Beachrock Eberhard Gischler 51 2' Bedding and Internal