World Fascism : A Historical Encyclopedia

WORLD FASCISM WORLD FASCISM A HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA VOLUME 1: A–K Cyprian P. Blamires, Editor with Paul Jackson Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, United Kingdom Copyright © 2006 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World fascism : a historical encyclopedia / Cyprian P. Blamires, editor ; with Paul Jackson. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-940-6 (hard cover : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57607-941-4 (ebook) 1. Fascism—History—Encyclopedias. I. Blamires, Cyprian. II. Jackson, Paul. JC481.W67 2006 335.603—dc22 20006021588 10 09 08 07 06 05 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 Production Editor: Vicki Moran Editorial Assistant: Alisha Martinez Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Editor: Sharon Daughtery Image Coordinator: Ellen Dougherty Media Resources Manager: Caroline Price File Manager: Paula Gerard This book is printed on acid-free paper . Manufactured in the United States of America 1 Contents V OLUME 1: A–K Advisory Board, vii Contributors, ix List of Entries, xiii Editor’s Foreword, xxi Introduction, 1 Entries A–K, 27–370 Chronology of Fascism, C-1 Bibliography, B-1 Index, I-1 Editor’s Biography VOLUME 2: L–Z List of Entries, vii Entries L–Z, 371–750 Chronology of Fascism, C-1 Bibliography, B-1 Index, I-1 Editor’s Biography v Advisory Board DAVID BAKER University of Warwick ALEXANDER DE GRAND North Carolina State University ROGER GRIFFIN Oxford Brookes University ROBERT O. PAXTON University of Columbia STANLEY PAYNE University of Wisconsin LEONARD WEINBERG University of Nevada Contributors ADAMSON, Göran London School of Economics and Political Science, UK ANTLIFF, Mark Duke University, USA BAILER GAILANDA, Brigitte Documentation Center of Austrian Resistance, Vienna, Austria BALE, Jeffrey M. Monterey Institute of International Studies, USA BALLING, Pamela Bowdoin College, USA BARNETT, Victoria US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC, USA BERGGREN, Lena Umea University, Sweden BERLET, Chip Political Research Associates, USA BETZ, Hans-Georg York University, Toronto, Canada BEYLER, Richard H Portland State University, Oregon, USA BILLIG, Michael Loughborough University, UK BLAMIRES, Cyprian UK BROWDER, George State University of New York College at Fredonia, USA BAR-ON, Tamir George Brown College, Toronto, Canada BRUSTEIN, William I University of Pittsburgh, USA BASTOW, Steve Kingston University, UK BURSTOW, Bonnie University of Toronto, Canada BEIT-HALLAHMI, Benjamin University of Haifa, Israel BYFORD, Jovan Open University, UK BEN-GHIAT, Ruth New York University, USA CAMPI, Alessandro University of Perugia, Italy ix CAREW, Meredith St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, UK CHANG, Maria University of Nevada, Reno, USA COOGAN, Kevin New York, USA