High-temperature Superconductors

Springer Series in materials science 125 Springer Series in materials science Editors: R. Hull R. M. Osgood, Jr. J. Parisi H. Warlimont The Springer Series in Materials Science covers the complete spectrum of materials physics, including fundamental principles, physical properties, materials theory and design. Recognizing the increasing importance of materials science in future device technologies, the book titles in this series ref lect the state-of-the-art in understanding and controlling the structure and properties of all important classes of materials. Please view available titles in Springer Series in Materials Science on series homepage http://www.springer.com/series/856 Ajay Kumar Saxena High-Temperature Superconductors With 127 Figures 123 Dr. Ajay Kumar Saxena Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Department of Physics Rewa, M.P. 486003, India E-mail: saxena [email protected] Series Editors: Professor Robert Hull Professor Jürgen Parisi University of Virginia Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Thornton Hall Charlottesville, VA 22903-2442, USA Universit¨at Oldenburg, Fachbereich Physik Abt. Energie- und Halbleiterforschung Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg, Germany Professor R. M. Osgood, Jr. Professor Hans Warlimont Microelectronics Science Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University Seeley W. Mudd Building New York, NY 10027, USA DSL Dresden Material-Innovation GmbH Pirnaer Landstr. 176 01257 Dresden, Germany ISSN 0933-033X ISBN 978-3-642-00711-8 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00712-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00712-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009928301 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specif ically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microf ilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specif ic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: SPi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to my Family-Alka, Ankur and Akshat for their Patience, Support and Understanding Preface The aim of this book is to acquaint the reader with the phenomenon of superconductivity and the high temperature superconductors discovered in 1986 by Bednorz and Muller. Just after this discovery, a lot of research work was carried out by the scientists