Encyclopedia Of Science And Religion

E DITOR IN C HIEF J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen James I. McCord Professor of Theology and Science, Princeton Theological Seminary E DITORS Nancy R. Howell Associate Professor of Theology and Philosophy of Religion, Saint Paul School of Theology Niels Henrik Gregersen Research Professor in Theology & Science, University of Aarhus Wesley J. Wildman Associate Professor of Theology and Ethics, Boston University Ian Barbour Consulting Editor Carleton College Ryan Valentine Editorial Assistant Princeton Theological Seminary Encyclopedia of Science and Religion J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen © 2003 by Macmillan Reference USA. Macmillan Reference USA is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Macmillan Reference USA™ and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information contact Macmillan Reference USA 300 Park Avenue South, 9th Floor New York, NY 10010 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Cover image reproduced by permission of Corbis (Shooting Stars Over the Meteor Crater). While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Macmillan Reference USA 300 Park Avenue South, 9th Floor New York, NY 10010 Macmillan Reference USA 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopedia of science and religion / J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen, editor in chief. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865704-7 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865705-5 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865706-3 (v. 2 : alk. paper) 1. Religion and science—Encyclopedias. I. Van Huyssteen, Wentzel. BL240.3 .E43 2003 291.1’75—dc21 2002152471 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C ONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Synoptic Outline of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii E N C Y C L O P E D I A OF S C I E N C E A N D R E L I G I O N Annotated Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 —v— E DITORIAL AND P RODUCTION S TAFF Ray Abruzzi and M