E-Book Content
encyclopedia of
GENOCIDE and CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
editorial board Editor in Chief Dinah L. Shelton George Washington University Law School
Associate Howard Adelman Editors Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School York University, Canada
Frank Chalk Department of History, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies
Alexandre Kiss French National Centre for Scientific Research
William A. Schabas Irish Centre for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway
encyclopedia of
GENOCIDE and CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Dinah L. Shelton [ E D I T O R
IN CHIEF]
[I–S]
2
Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity Dinah L. Shelton
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity Dinah L. Shelton, editor in chief. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865847-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper)— ISBN 0-02-865848-5 (v. 1 : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-02-865849-3 (v. 2 : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-02-865850-7 (v. 3 : alk. paper)— ISBN 0-02-865992-9 (ebook) 1. Genocide—History— Encyclopedias. I. Shelton, Dinah.
HV6322.7.E532 2004 304.66303—dc22
2004006587
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I Identification The defining feature of the crime of genocide is the deliberate destruction of a group. That the term genocide denotes group destruction is evident in the term itself: Sensing that no word captured the horror of Nazi atrocities, Polish attorney Raphael Lemkin coined the term from the ancient Greek genos (meaning race, nation, or tribe) and the Latin suffix cide (meaning “killing”) (1947, p. 147). Article II of the 1948 United Nations (UN) Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (hereinafter referred to as the 1948 UN Genocide Convention) thus describes genocide as the commission of a specified act or acts “with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such.” Murder motivated by hatred of one person, as oppos