Research In Psychology: Methods And Design

Research in Psychology METHODS AND DESIGN Kerri A. Goodwin Towson University C. James Goodwin Western Carolina University E I GH T H EDITION EXECUTIVE EDITOR Veronica Visentin PROJECT MANAGER Gladys Soto PROJECT SPECIALIST Nichole Urban CONTENT MANAGEMENT DIRECTOR Lisa Wojcik SENIOR CONTENT SPECIALIST Nicole Repasky PRODUCTION EDITOR Arun Surendar PHOTO RESEARCHER Billy Ray COVER PHOTO CREDIT © Bruce Rolff/Shutterstock This book was set in 10/12 Avenir LT Std by SPi Global and printed and bound by Lightning Source Inc. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ­ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per‐copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 (Web site: www.copyright.com). Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030‐5774, (201) 748‐6011, fax (201) 748‐6008, or online at: www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at: www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative. ISBN: 978-1-119-33044-8 (PBK) ISBN: 978-1-119-25730-1 (EVALC) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: LCCN: 2016036350 The inside back cover will contain printing identification and country of origin if omitted from this page. In addition, if the ISBN on the back cover differs from the ISBN on this page, the one on the back cover is correct. KAG: To Dave, Jack, and Jimmy CJG: To Susan Contents Summary of Research Examples xv Prefacexvii 1 Scientific Thinking in Psychology 1 Why Take This Course? 2 Ways of Knowing 5 Authority5 Use of Reason 5 Empiricism6 The